The Importance of Stem Cell Research Essay examples

Throughout our history, scientists continue to experiment and make discoveries that expand our knowledge of the world and the full potential of the matter around us. As the medical research of scientists improves, new treatments are found that enable people to have a longer lifespan and live healthier. Medical researchers continue to discover new medicines that help people overcome fatal diseases and allow them to achieve a more sustainable life. As scientists research the potential of treatment for diseases, there is a promising future in stem cells that offer a possible treatment for a wide variety of diseases. Scientists discover the capabilities of stem cells through their ability to repair, their opportunity of treatment, and their†¦show more content†¦Once the child is born, adult stem cells in the tissues carry-out the necessary growth throughout their life (â€Å"What are Some Different Types of Stem Cells?†). Embryonic stem cells can be acquired from an a bortion or fertilized eggs left over from in vitro fertilization, which is a process that joins a woman’s egg and a man’s sperm in a laboratory and once it is fertilized, the embryo is injected back into the woman’s womb. Adult stem cells are cells that are for specific cell types, like blood, skin, and muscle, and despite the name, adult cells are in children as well as adults (â€Å"Stem Cells Research†). They are limited to the possible cell types that they can become due to their tissue of origin, where as the embryonic stem cells are unlimited to any cell type in the body. There are restraints to the possible uses of adult stem cells due to the fact that they are limited to the number of cell types that they can form and they are difficult to extract from the tissue because they are not abundant (â€Å"Stem Cell Information† 5). Stem cells allow for our bodies to repair damaged cells and replicate into different cell types to allow growt h throughout our life. As scientists continue to gain new knowledge of stem cells and their capabilities, there are opportunities revealed for treatments and possible cures for diseases. In the article, â€Å"Stem CellShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Stem Cell Research1278 Words   |  6 Pagespaper, there has always been a lot of controversy surrounding stem cell research and the ethically rights researchers have obtaining it, let alone experimenting with it. Therefore, it is no surprise that before RCT with stem cells on humans were approved and accepted, trials were done on mice and rats. While it is not ideal and in no way similar to the effects on humans, experiments done during this phase were useful in viewing how stem cells actually alter and impact osteoarthritic joints. In an experimentRead MoreThe Importance Of Stem Cell Research805 Words   |  4 Pageshereditary altering. In stem cell research, â€Å" An isogenic human iPSC cell line precisely corrected by the CRISPR-Cas9 system was rece ntly constructed, despite the handling difficulties associated with gene editing of human stem cells† (Kim, â€Å"CRISPR-Cas9: a promising tool for gene editing on induced pluripotent stem cells.†) iPSCs, which are fundamentally the same as embryonic stem cells, are pluripotent cells with a high self-reestablishment rate that can separate into all cell sorts; be that as itRead MoreThe Importance Of Stem Cell Research812 Words   |  4 Pagesscientists has recognized a vital regulator of hematopoiesis, the process of making new blood cells after bone marrow transplants, bone marrow injury, and during systemic infection, creating new blood cells, including immune cells. This regulator is a protein known as the Del-1 (developmental endothelial locus–1). Researchers have deemed that focusing on Del-1 will be an effective way to upgrade stem cell transplants for both donors and recipients. It is also determined that there could be also methodsRead MoreThe Importance of Stem Cell Research Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as above kill off important cells that reproduce rapidly to help the body function normally. Well, what alternatives does one have to turn to when the time clock runs out for all cells, resulting in death. Stem cell usage is a second chance given that doesn’t set death as an essential from these fatal diseases. Stem cell research is an unaware issue to society that could possibly be the antidote to saving lives, and to others who are familiar with the research is a controversial issue on howRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Stem Cell Research1060 Words   |  5 Pagesaccomplished through stem cell therapy and cell d ifferentiation. Stem cell therapy is like an intervention, in which new cells are introduced into the body or tissue in order to treat a disease or injury (Haldeman-Englet, Chad). Cell differentiation is the process in which a cell has the potential to become physically/fundamentally and functionally different from one another Also meaning they are pluripotent (Smith, S.E). These special cells have many uses, thus the nickname â€Å"The Golden Cell.† ScientistsRead MoreThe Importance of Stem Cell Research Essay2451 Words   |  10 Pagesto stop taking risks†. Dr. Elias Zerhouni from the National Institute of Health gave this quote during an interview to a reporter in 2007. He was referring to Stem Cell research, a controversial medical issue of today. Louise Brown of Manchester, UK owes her life to scientists and doctors taking risks and exploring the world or Stem Cells. In 1978 she became the first baby to be born via in-vitro fertilization, a process where a womanâ €™s egg is harvested and mixed with male sperm to become fertilizedRead MoreThe Importance of Stem Cell Research Essay example1686 Words   |  7 PagesOver the last decade the use of stem cells has been a controversial and heated topic. Debates have exploded over every aspect of stem cell research. It has been speculated by scientists that stem cell research may have the potential to cure harmful diseases or even regrow organs. However some find that the health issues seen in earlier attempts to use stem cell transplants and ethical controversies involved with extracting stem cells, make it very dangerous to further investigate. In actuality theRead MoreStem Cell Research in America: A Perfect Storm of Ideology, Politics, Science, and Religion1818 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Stem Cell Research in America: A Perfect Storm of Ideology, Politics, Science, and Religion By: Me March 30, 2012 Abstract This paper discusses the recent history of stem cell research in the United States, tracking the controversies, politics, and promise of new technology that comes with a moral price. Starting in August of 2001, with President Bushs request that Stem Cell Research not be paid for with federal funding, the battle of science against religion began. (Rosenburg, 2001) DespiteRead MoreThe Expanding Field of Stem Cell Research744 Words   |  3 PagesStem cell research is one of the most widely expanding areas of scientific research being conducted all over the world today. In basic terms, stem cell research is the research of stem cells; however in actuality is much more complicated. A stem cell is a cell with the ability to develop into any of the cell types that make up the tissues and organs of the body. This makes these cells highly useful and provides limitless potential in the field of regenerative medicine. There are two expansive linesRead MoreResearch Essay : Stem Cell Research961 Words   |  4 PagesBiology Research Essay Erica Ford In recent years, there has been a lot more talk about stem cell research than ever before. The idea of stem cells arose in the 1960 s, with the first successful bone marrow transplant in 1968. Now, stem cell research is a widely known topic in biotechnology and shows a substantial amount of scientific promise. The future of stem cell research and the impact it could have follows with many questions on people s minds, as well the simple curiosity of what

Emily Dickinson s Poem, Because I Could Not Stop For Death

Death is everywhere. From the insect you killed this morning to the family member you lose recently, there is no force stronger than death. Emily Dickinson, a 19th century writer, indulges that fact but also goes beyond it in her work. Dickinson revisits the theme of death in her poetry. Through her work, she shows readers her fascination with death the emotions associated with it. In â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz—when I died† and â€Å"I’ve seen a Dying Eye†, Dickinson shows us a very intimate view of a person dying. The poem â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† shows readers the journey to eternity after death and â€Å"The Bustle in a House† shows readers what happens to a family after death. These four poems by Emily Dickinson all share a central theme of death and give readers a very personal understanding of it. Emily Dickinson was born and educated in Massachusetts. She only remained in college for one year but still produced volumes o f poetry. She was very introverted and towards the end of her life, she only wore white. Her poetry, as stated by the Academy of American Poets, â€Å"reflects her loneliness and the speakers of her poems generally live in a state of want, but her poems are also marked by the intimate recollection of inspirational moments which are decidedly life-giving and suggest the possibility of happiness† (â€Å"Emily Dickinson.†). However, her works were never published while she was alive. After her death her family found 800 poems or 40 hand-bound volumes (â€Å"EmilyShow MoreRelatedEmily Dickinson s Poem, Because I Could Not Stop For Death877 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Dickinson is known for writing poems that relate to death and dying, and the poem â€Å"Because I could not stop for death† is no exception. This is a narrative poem that illustrates the passage from life to death as a carriage ride through a quiet town. In this particular poem, the speaker has alread y passed away and is remembering what seems to be a fond memory, however that is not revealed till the final stanza. There are only two characters, The speaker and Death. The speaker is a lady whoRead MoreThe Author That I Decided To Discuss The Literary Significance1232 Words   |  5 PagesThe author that I decided to discuss the literary significance is Emily Dickinson. Dickinson was born, raised, and in Amherst, Massachusetts in December 10, 180 and died May 15, 1886 in the same state. Her father was Edward Dickinson, and her mother was also named Emily, Emily Norcross Dickinson. Emily Dickinson went to Mount Holyoke College, a small private school in South Hadley, Massachusetts. She’s known as one of the best American Poet. Emily s poem were frequently perceived by a wide rangeRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Dickinson s Poem My Life Had Stood- A Loaded Gun 993 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Dickinson is a very famous and accomplished poet with over 1700 published poems. Severa l of her poems are similar in theme, and also similar in bringing out human emotions that we humans usually try to avoid. The common theme in most of Dickinson s poems is the wonders of nature, and the identity of self, as well as death and life. The five poems with the common theme of death are: â€Å"My Life had Stood- A Loaded Gun†, â€Å"I Heard A Fly Buzz- When I Died†, â€Å"Behind Me Dips- Eternity†, â€Å"Because IRead MoreEmily Dickinson s A Route Of Evanescence And Because I Could Not Stop For Death1167 Words   |  5 PagesEmily Dickinson Emily Dickinson published only a few poems during her time. Her work was only truly discovered after her death of kidney disease in 1886 at the age of fifty-six. Upon her death her sister Lavinia Dickinson found hundreds of poems tied into a book stitched together by Emily. People claim that she is the most original 19th Century American Poet and is now considered one of the towering figures of American literature. Although She is known for her unconventional broken rhyming meterRead MoreEmily Dickinson : The Point When A Reader1749 Words   |  7 PagesHorieh Introduction to Literature Professor Knoernschild November 27, 2015 Emily Dickinson At the point when a reader hears the name Emily Dickinson, they consider a female who composed verse that has been surely understood for a considerable length of time and years. Much to their dismay that Emily Dickinson established American Literature, and began an entire unrest of verse. The procedure Dickinson used to keep in touch with her verse was at no other time seen and was the foundationRead MoreEssay on Emily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death730 Words   |  3 PagesEmily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† is a remarkable masterpiece that exercises thought between the known and the unknown. In Dickinson’s poem, â€Å"Because I could not stop Death,† there is much impression in the tone, in symbols and in the use of imagery that over flow with creativity. One might undoubtedly agree to an eerie, haunting, if not frightening, tone and use of symbolism in Dickinson’s poem. Dickinson usesRead MoreTheology Leads to Interpretation1336 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Dickinson’s extensive collection of poems on the subject of death can be better understood individually once time has been taken to view her works as whole. By viewing the works as a whole, it is possible to conclude a likely theological view point of the author and then apply this theology to the individual works in order to improve interpretation. Emily Dickinson’s poem â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† is one such poem that when viewed individually is open to a wide scope of readingsRead More Death in Emily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death, I Heard A Fly Buzz-When I Died, and I Felt A Funeral In My Brain1449 Words   |  6 PagesDeath in Emily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death, I Heard A Fly Buzz-When I Died, and I Felt A Funeral In My Brain Emily Dickinsons poems Because I Could Not Stop for Death, I Heard A Fly Buzz-When I Died, and I Felt A Funeral In My Brain all deal with one of lifes few certainties, death. Dickinsons intense curiosity towards mortality was present in much of her work, and is her legacy as a poet. Because I could Not Stop for Death is one of Emily Dickinsons Read MoreAmbiguity of the Concept of Death: a Comparison of ‘Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night?and ‘Because I Could Not Stop for Death1201 Words   |  5 Pagesthought of death? Almost everybody does! However, people have differing views on the abstract idea of dying. In examining the poem Because I Could Not Stop For Death? by Emily Dickinson and Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night? by Dylan Thomas, it is evident that the poets use contrasting and comparative techniques in their unique presentations of the concept of death. In the poem Because I Could Not Stop For Death? Emily Dickinson presents the idea of acceptance of death, whereas in the poem Do NotRead MoreConcept Of Death in ‘Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night versus ‘Because I Could Not Stop For Death1167 Words   |  5 Pagesthought of death? Almost everybody does! However, people have differing views on the abstract idea of dying. In e xamining the poem Because I Could Not Stop For Death? by Emily Dickinson and Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night? by Dylan Thomas, it is evident that the poets use contrasting and comparative techniques in their unique presentations of the concept of death. In the poem Because I Could Not Stop For Death? Emily Dickinson presents the idea of acceptance of death, whereas in the poem Do Not

Professional And Scientific Staff Management A Case Study - Free Sam

Questions: For the purpose of this assignment, you are assumed to be one of the consultants appointed to shoulder the system analysis responsibilities in ABC Information Services in the project as in the case study. You will plan and manage the project as well as investigate and document the system requirements. For your Assignment 2 submission, you will produce a report that documents that discuss this project based on your understanding of it and the related investigation results through the tasks below. 1. Approach to Systems Development (a) Compare the use of SDLC and agile development approaches? (b) Justify your choice of your selected approach to systems development? 2. Systems Requirements (a) What are the primary functional requirements for the system in the case study? (b) What are the non-functional requirements for the system in the case study? 3. Project Cost Benefit Analysis (a) Discuss your Project Cost Benefit Analysis? (b) Provide an excel spread sheet with details in a Project Cost Benefit Analysis? 4. Project Schedule (a) Show a work breakdown structure and a project schedule (as a Gantt Chart). Explain each of them and discuss how they relate? (b) Given the system goals, requirements, and scope as they are currently understood, is the project schedule reasonable? Why or why not? 5. System Information Requirement Investigation Techniques (a) The stakeholders involved? (b) Explanation of your chosen 3 most useful investigation techniques? (c) Justify the usefulness of the 3 investigation techniques? Answers: Introduction The report presents a brief overview of the problems faced by PSSM with the current system. As it has been stated in the case study PSSM is a staffing agency recruiting employees for other companies. The present system of staff recruitment database is cumbersome. There are various redundancies of the current system. The problems faced by the company are regarding the electronic and the paper copies. The problems faced by the system could be eradicated if the company installs a new automated information system. This will reduce the complexity of the present system and the employees at PSSM will be able to use the software effectively. In the current system the staff report is difficult to manage. But the automated system will reduce the complexity. The employees can access the staff report easily. In the new system, the records of the employees can be stored only in electronic form. A track record of the success rate of placement can be maintained. 1. Approaches to system development (a) Software development lifecycle is the process of building and maintaining the software systems. There are various phases in SDLC which ranges from analysis of the preliminary development to testing of the post development software and evaluation. There are two methodologies in SDLC. They are the traditional development and the agile development. The traditional software development methodologies are the waterfall method, V-model. There are various steps in sequence that has to be followed for the development of the software. The traditional method is dependent on a set of processes that has been determined earlier. The success of the project will be dependent on meeting all the requirements before the development of the project begins. Agile development is based on the idea of incremental as well as iterative development. In this method each phase of the life cycle is visited over and over again. The software is improved by using feedback from the customer. (b) In the present scenario the agile development model will be chosen. The results can be delivered by the agile development quickly than the traditional method. The former model is less expensive than the traditional model. The return on investment is the major priority of the agile development model. Unlike the traditional SDLC model, the agile development model is divided into smaller parts which are known as increments or iterations. The increments in the agile development model passes via each of the conventional phase of development. The major difference of the agile development with the traditional SDLC model is that in the agile development model there is early involvement of the customers, iterative development takes place, teams are self organizing and the system is adaptable to change. 2. System Requirements During the phase of requirement, the stakeholders are identified by the team. The requirements are specified in the system requirement specifications. The requirement can be divided into two distinct groups. They are the functional requirements and the non-functional requirements. (a) Functional Requirements The functional requirements for the development of the software are based on agile philosophy. They are development of XP and Scrum. There is variance between the two approaches but they both share an iterative approach. XP is necessary to meet the programming requirements for the development of automated process. It does not focus on the managerial aspect of software development. The development of XP starts with the planning phase which is followed by various iterations. The acceptance of the user is tested before the software is released. Scrum Srum is the methodology for software development which includes the managerial and the developmental process. The project is divided into series of short iterations which is known as sprints. The backlog for each sprint is identified. At the end of each sprint, the team reviews the sprint in order to check the progress of the developmental process. (b) Non-Functional Requirements The non functional requirement for the development of software includes the environment in which the software is being built. The success of the development of the software will depend on the non functional requirements. The success of the functional requirements depends on the non functional requirements. The non functional requirements can be at the team level. It can also be at the program level. There are requirements of non functional elements at the portfolio level as well. 3. Project Cost Benefit analysis The cost benefit analysis of the automated information system calculates the return of the organization on investment. Return on investment is calculated for the justification of the effort as well as it is necessary for the planning process of the project. The development of automated information system has both fixed and variable costs. The fixed costs for the system are the expenditure on the tools, equipments and training. The variable cost may increase or decrease based on the number of tests and times the tests is run. The cost benefit analysis can be calculated as follows Return on Investment (ROI) = Benefits of automation/Cost of automation The time line for the development of the automated software is 14 days. The cost of automation can be calculated as follows Cost of automation = Price of the hardware + Price of the software + Time required to develop scripts + (Time required for the maintenance of the scripts * Number of times the scripts are executed) + ( Time required for the execution of the scripts * number of times the scripts are executed). The return from the automation of the information technology will be 44.74%. The automated system will make the process of recruitment at PSSM much simpler. It is seen that the return from investment in the manual system is more than the complex than the automated system. 4. Project Schedule (a) Gantt chart The schedule of the project is divided into four sections. They are as follows - Analysis Design Development Testing (b) The project schedule is reasonable. The project will be completed in one year. The analysis of the project will be completed in one month. The total time required for designing is three months. Five months will be required for the development of the software. The testing of the software would require three months. The entire project will be completed within 12 months. 5. Investigation Techniques of System Information Requirement (a) The stakeholders in the process of software development are the owners of the company investing in the project, the employees using the current the automated software. (b) Three useful investigation techniques The investigation techniques for System Information Requirement are Observation, Existing documentation and sampling. Observation - The system analysts can use this technique to become familiar with the system. The observation will be based on purpose. Uses - It helps to investigate the information that has been gathered during the process of software development. The variance in information can be determined and the actual information will be selected. The user will know whether the system will work or not. Existing documentation One source of information can be the existing documents which contain information about the past procedures, policies and the systems. The documents will have information regarding the procedures of input, procedures of output, specifications of the system and flow chart of the system. The existing documents will contain the information regarding the system interface procedures. Uses The historical data will be useful for the purpose of investigation of the system requirements. A well documented system requirement will contain information in a precise manner. Face to Face Interview The face to face interview will help the analyst interview the selected staff using the current system. They will gather a detailed overview of the ways in which the process of software development will take place. Uses The face to face interview will identify the main issues. The analysts will take suggestions from the users for the improvement in the system. They will improve the ways in which the things are to be done. This will make the system more users friendly. The complexities of the system will be removed. Conclusion The installation of automated information system within the organization will benefit the users of PSSM. The database can be accessed by many users and it will remove the use of papers. The organization will have a database of the success rates of placement. Reflection From the above project I learnt about the advantage of agile software development over the traditional software development system. It will reduce the time of the task. The processing of the work will be simple. I have come to know about the functional and the non functional requirements for the implementation of a new system. References Aalst W and others, Product-Focused Software Process Improvement (Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2009) Adler M and Posner E, New Foundations Of Cost-Benefit Analysis (Harvard University Press 2006) Agile Software Development Quality Assurance (2015) Avison D and Torkzadeh G, Information Systems Project Management (2015) Buragga K and Zaman N, Software Development Techniques For Constructive Information Systems Design (2015) Cohn M and Lister T, Succeeding With Agile (Addison-Wesley 2009) Cohn M, User Stories Applied (Addison-Wesley 2004) Dennis A, Wixom B and Roth R, Systems Analysis Design (J Wiley 2006) Kniberg H, Scrum And Xp From The Trenches (C4Media Inc] 2007) Layard R and Glaister S, Cost-Benefit Analysis (Cambridge University Press 1994) Leau Y and others, 'Software Development Life Cycle AGILE Vs Traditional Approaches' (ipcsit.com, 2012) https://www.ipcsit.com/vol37/030-ICINT2012-I2069.pdf accessed 10 January 2015 Martin R and Martin M, Agile, Principles, Patterns, And Practices In C# (Prentice Hall 2007) Nas T, Cost-Benefit Analysis (Sage Publications 1996) Rus G, Introduction To Cost-Benefit Analysis (Edward Elgar 2010) Satzinger J, Jackson R and Burd S, Systems Analysis Design In A Changing World (Thomson Learning 2004) Sobh T, Advances In Computer And Information Sciences And Engineering (Springer 2008) Sundar D, Software Engineering (2015) David Avison and Gholamreza Torkzadeh, Information Systems Project Management (2015).

Pipeline Transport free essay sample

Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, used to send liquid and gases, and the pneumatic tube that transport solid capsules using compressed air are also used it. In other words, any chemical stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Besides that, pipeline is a unique method of transport. The `way’ in transportation by the pipeline is important as an artificial way, and it usually constructed by a private user for his own particular purpose. For examples, today the crude oil and natural gas pipelines was owned and operated by oil and gas companies like Petronas. In general, pipelines can be classified in three categories depending on it purpose. First is gathering pipelines which is a group of smaller interconnected pipelines that forming a complex network with the purpose of bringing crude oil or natural gas from several nearby wells to a treatment plant or processing facility. In this type, the pipelines are usually short which is about a couple of hundred meters and with a small diameters. A sub- sea pipelines for collecting product from deep water production platforms are also considered as a gathering systems. Second is a transportation pipelines. Mainly, long pipes with a large diameters can moving the products likes oil, gas and refined products between the cities, countries and even the continents. These transportation networks is include a several compressor stations in lines and pump stations for crude and multiproducts pipelines. And last but not least, is distribution pipelines which is a composed of several interconnected pipelines with a small diameters, which is used to take the products and to the final consumer. The pipelines at the terminals for distributing the products to tank and storage facilities are included in this types.   In Malaysia, Petronas was not the first company to extract oil or gas. It was the Royal Dutch Shell who had began the oil exploration in Sarawak, then a British colony at the end of the 19th century. In 1910, the first oil well was drilled in Miri, Sarawak. This became the first oil producing well known as the Grand Old Lady. Shell was still the only oil company in the area in 1963, when the Federation of Malaya, having achieved independence from Britain six years before, united with Sarawak and Sabah, both on the island of Borneo, and became Malaysia. The authorities in the two new states retained their links with Royal Dutch Shell, which brought Malaysias first offshore oil field on stream in 1968. Meanwhile, the federal government turned to Esso, Continental Oil, and Mobil, licensing exploration off the state of Terengganu, in the Malay Peninsula, the most populous region and the focus of federal power. By 1974, only Esso was still in the area. It made its first discoveries of natural gas in that year and then rapidly made Terengganu as a bigger producer of oil than either Sarawak or Sabah. By 1974, Malaysias output of crude oil stood is at about 81,000  barrels per day (12,900 m3/d). After negotiations lasting from 1977 to 1982, Petronas had concluded the contracts with Tokyo Electric Power and Tokyo Gas for the sale and delivery of LNG through to the year 2003. Malaysia LNG was to send almost the entire output of its Bintulu gas fields to Japan, under these contracts and another one, signed in 1990, to supply Saibu Gas of Fukuoka, in southwestern Japan, for 20 years from 1993. However, the depletion policy was being undermined by external circumstances. Through the year in early 1980s, a worldwide of oil glut, which OPEC proved unable to control. It forced the Malaysian government to increase production to offset deterioration in its balance of increased payments to a deficit of $1 billion. It became clear that this could only be sustained by relaxing the conditions for joint ventures between Petronas and the major oil companies. In 1982, the Petronas and government share was happened, which had risen to 80%, was cut to 70%, and taxes on company income were also cut. After that which ih 1983, Petronas went into refining and distribution. It initiated the construction of refineries at Malacca and at Kerteh in order to reduce its dependence on Royal Dutch/Shells as a two refineries at Port Dickson while Essos is refinery in Sarawak. These two major and other foreign companies, is already covered much of the domestic retail market but the new subsidiary, Petronas Dagangan was given the initial advantage of preference in the location of its stations. By 1990, 252 service stations carried the Petronas brand, which is all but 20 on a franchise basis, and another 50 were planned. Some were set up on grounds of social benefit rather than of strict commercial calculation. As production from Royal Dutch/Shell and Essos existing fields moved nearer depletion, the companies sought new fields and new contracts. In 1985, the government and Petronas revised the standard production about the contract sharing, increasing the rate of recovery of capital costs from 30% to 50% of gross production in the case of oil and from 35% to 60% in the case of natural gas, abolishing signature, discovery, and production bonus payments and increasing the foreign partners share of the profits The government and Petronas aimed to encourage the replacement of fast-depleting oil within Malaysia itself and simultaneously to foster a heavy industries which could help reduce the countrys overwhelming dependence on exporting its natural resources. In 1980, petroleum products accounted for 88% of the countrys commercial consumption of energy, the rest being provided from hydroelectric plants in Sarawak, too far away from the main population centers to become a major alternative. Five years later, gas accounted for 17%, hydroelectricity for 19%, coal for 2%, and petroleum products for 62% of such consumption, and about half of each years gas output was being consumed in Malaysia. The Petronas enture responsible for this shift is in fuel use, and along with Malaysia LNG for Malaysias to becoming the third largest producer of LNG in the world, was the Peninsular Gas Utilization Project (Projek Penggunaan Gas Semenanjung), the aim of which was to supply gas to every part of the Peninsula. In 1985, the first stage was completed, following the success of smaller gasification projects in the states of Sarawak and Sabah and involved the extraction of gas from three fields in the Natuna Sea, between the Peninsula and the island of Borneo. It is processing in a plant at Kerteh on the Peninsulas east coast and its distribution to the state of Terengganu by pipeline and abroad via an export terminal. Petronass least happy venture was is the ownership of the Bank Bumiputra, the second-largest with a least profitable of the commercial banks incorporated in Malaysia. Petronas spent more than MYR3. 5 billion over five years trying to rescue the bank from the impact of the bad loans it had made, starting with its support of the Carrian property group of Hong Kong, which collapsed in 1985, taking the banks share capital down with it. In 1991, Petronas sold the bank back to another state company, Minister of Finance Inc. , and announced it intention to concentrate on oil, gas, and associated activities in future. Petronas with its policies of promoting self-reliance, helping to develop associated industries, and varying the sources and uses of oil and gas, played an important role in the Malaysian economy as a whole. Under governments which is by current, if not historical, Western standards were strongly interventionist, the contribution of oil taxes to the federal governments revenue hovered at around 12% to 16% until 1980, when it showed a marked increase to 23%, followed by another leap to 32% in 1981. From then until 1988 the proportion fluctuated between 29% and 36%. Petronas was not just another big oil company. It controlled a crucial sector of the economy and remained for better or worse, an indispensable instrument of the state. Pipeline networks are composed of several pieces of equipment that operate together to move products from location to location. The main elements of a pipeline system are divided into six aspects which are: †¢ Initial injection station. Known also as supply or inlet station. It is the beginning of the system, where the product is injected into the line. Storage facilities, pumps or compressors are usually located at these locations. †¢ Compressor or pump stations. Pumps for liquid pipelines and Compressors for gas pipelines, are located along the line to move the product through the pipeline. The location of these stations is defined by the topography of the terrain, the type of product being transported, or operational conditions of the network. †¢ Partial delivery station. Known also as an intermediate stations. These facilities allow the pipeline operator to deliver part of the product to being transported. †¢ Block valve station. These are the first line of protection for pipelines. With these valves the operator can isolate any segment of the line for maintenance work or isolate a rupture or leak. Block valve stations are usually located in every 20 to 30  miles (48 km), depending on the type of pipeline. Even though it is not a design rule, it is a very usual practice in liquid pipelines. The location of these stations depends exclusively on the nature of the product being transported, the trajectory of the pipeline and the operational conditions of the line. †¢ Regulator station. This is a special type of valve station, where the operator can release some of the pressure from the line. Regulators are usually located at the downhill side of a peak. †¢ Final delivery station. Known also as outlet stations or terminals, this is where the product will be distributed to the consumer. It could be a tank terminal for liquid pipelines or a connection to a distribution network for gas pipelines. OWNERSHIP Petronas is short for Petroliam Nasional Berhad, is a Malaysian-owned oil and gas company that was founded on August 17, 1974. Wholly owned by the Government, the corporation is vested with the entire oil and gas resources in Malaysia and it is entrusted with the responsibility of developing and adding value to these resources. Petronas is ranked among Fortune Global 5oo’s largest corporations in the world. Fortune ranks Petronas as the 95th largest company in the world in 2008 and 80th largest in 2009. It also ranks Petronas as the 13th most profitable company in the world and the most profitable in Asia. Since its incorporation, Petronas has grown to be an integrated international oil and gas company with business interests in 35 countries. As of the end of March 2005, the Petronas Group comprised 103 wholly owned subsidiaries, 19 partly owned outfits and 57 associated companies. Together, these companies make the Petronas Group, which is involved in various oil and gas based activities. The Financial Times has identified Petronas as one of the new seven sisters. The most influential and mainly state is it was owned national oil and gas companies from countries outside the OECD. The Group is engaged in a wide spectrum of petroleum activities, including upstream exploration and production of oil and gas to downstream oil refining, marketing and distribution of petroleum products and trading, gas processing and liquefaction, gas transmission pipeline network operations, marketing of liquefied natural gas, petrochemical manufacturing and marketing, shipping, automotive engineering and property investment. Several factors converged in the early 1970s to prompt the Malaysian government into setting up a state oil and gas company, as first proposed in its Five Year Plan published in 1971. Former Chief Minister of Sarawak, Tun Abdul Rahman Yakub was one of the people who proposed the idea of Malaysia setting up their own oil company. These were years in which power in the world oil industry began to shift away from the majors, which then controlled more than 90% of the oil trade, toward the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), as well as a proliferation of new private and state companies joining in the search for reserves. By 1985, the majors, reduced in number from seven to five, were producing less than 20% of the world total. It seemed that Malaysia would either have to join the trend or continue to leave its oil and gas entirely to Royal Dutch/Shell and Esso, multinational corporations necessarily attuned to the requirements of their directors and shareholders, rather than to the priorities the government of a developing country might seek to realize. Further, an agreement between Malaysia and Indonesia, signed in 1969, had settled doubts and disputes about each countrys claims over territorial waters and offshore resources at a time when both were heavily indebted to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) governments and banks as well as to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Setting up a state oil and gas company, through which the government could get international capital but avoid tangling with foreign oil companies or governments, had worked for Indonesia: why not for Malaysia as well? The oil crisis of 1973–74 made the government even more aware of Malaysias dependence on foreign oil and foreign capital in general. Another factor in the decision was that the technology had recently been developed for extensive exploration and drilling offshore. The local geography included a combination of broad basins of sedimentary rock with calm and shallow waters around the Sunda Shelf, making exploration for gas and oil relatively easier and more successful than in most areas of the world. Malaysian crude turned out to be mostly high quality with low sulfur content. A final and crucial factor in the creation of Petronas, and its continuation in much the same form since, has been the political stability of Malaysia. Since the restoration of parliament in 1971, the country has been ruled by the National Front (Barisan Nasional), the heirs to the Alliance Party which had been dominant from 1957 to 1969 and the originators in 1971 of the New Economic Policy, which was designed to improve the economic position of Bumiputras, native Malays and other natives in Sabah and Sarawak—relative to Chinese and Indian Malaysians and to foreign corporations. The difficulties this policy has caused for foreign companies and investors are outweighed by the benefits they believe they gain from Malaysias political stability. Having created Petronas, the government had to choose what forms its dealings with private oil companies would take. Starting with its legal monopoly on oil and gas activities and resources, it had several options which it could simply award concessions without taking part in production, management, or profits. It also could try offering services at the supply end or could make contracts to cover profit-sharing, production-sharing, joint ventures sharing both profits and costs or all stages of the process, under carried-interest contracts. Petronass first move was to negotiate the replacement of the leases granted to Royal Dutch/Shell on Borneo and to Esso in the Peninsula with production-sharing contracts, which have been the favored instrument, alongside joint ventures, ever since. These first contracts came into effect in 1976. Allowing for royalties to both federal and state governments, and for cost recovery arrangements, they laid down that the remainder would go 70% to Petronas and 30% to the foreign company. Esso began oil production in two offshore fields in 1978, exporting its share of the supply, unlike Petronas, whose share was consumed within the country. Petronas went downstream for the first time in 1976, when it was chosen by the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to begin construction on the second ASEAN joint industrial project, a urea plant. The subsidiary, Asean Bintulu Fertilizer (ABF), is based in Sarawak and now exports ammonia and urea all over the world. Also in 1976, Malaysia became a net exporter of oil, but exports were at such a low level as to make the country ineligible to join OPEC. This situation benefited Malaysia, and Petronas, by allowing the company a degree of commercial and political flexibility and reinforcing Petronass chief purpose, Malaysian self-reliance. Petronas supervised its foreign partners oil activities, taking no direct role in production until 1978, when the government saw to the creation of a subsidiary for oil exploration and production, Petronas Carigali. It began its work in an oil field off the Peninsula. Petronas retained its supervisory powers over all oil and gas ventures, particularly on issues of health and safety and environmental control. Malaysia has one of the most extensive natural gas pipeline networks in Asia. The Peninsular Gas Utilization (PGU) project, completed in 1998, expanded the natural gas transmission infrastructure on Peninsular Malaysia. The PGU system spans more than 880 miles and it also has the capacity to transport which is about 2 billion cubic feet per day of natural gas. A number of pipelines link Sarawaks offshore gas fields to the Bintulu facility. Petronas is building the 310-mile Sabah-Sarawak Gas Pipeline between Kimanis, Sabah and Bintulu, Sarawak to transport gas from Sabahs offshore fields, such as Kota Kinabalu, to Bintulu for liquefaction and export. Some of the gas will be used for downstream projects in Sabah. This pipeline is expected to be completed by March 2011. The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) is promoting the development of a trans-ASEAN gas pipeline system (TACP) aimed at linking 80 percent of ASEANs major gas production and consumption centers. Because of Malaysias extensive natural gas infrastructure and its location, the country is a natural candidate to serve as a hub in the ongoing TACP project. The first pipeline connected Malaysia with Singapore and was commissioned in 1991. This has been followed by gas pipeline links between West Natuna, Indonesia and Duyong, Malaysia, commissioned in 2002, and the Trans-Thailand-Malaysia gas pipeline, commissioned in 2005, which allows Malaysia to pipe natural gas from the Malaysia-Thailand JDA to its domestic pipeline system.