Financial Accounting Essay -- Business and Management Studies:

Financial AccountingFinancial accounting or book-keeping is the process of recordingfinancial transactions from the casual operation of a business.The sale of goods to a customer and the subsequent settlement of thedebt argon two examples of financial transactions.Sales AccountingWhen credit gross sales be made to customers, a record expects to be kept ofamounts owing and paid. Payment is norm aloney requested with an invoice.An invoice usually gives details of goods supplied, quantities, pricesand VAT. Credit sales are usually made on weekly a basis, which meansthat the customer has to pay within that period to obtain thediscounts, if any offered. Overdue payments need to be chased, sosales accounting systems normally take a leak reports analysing theindebtedness of different customers. Debt control is vital to businessprofitability and computerised systems can produce straightaway andup-to-date reports as a by-product of the main application.Human Resources---------------The h uman resources (personnel) lean is responsible for theselection (usually by interview), recruitment, training anddevelopment of staff. Personnel records on employees will store allthe information needed by Salaries and Wages to make the correctpayments to employees this will include details of, for example,gross salary, tax code, statutory sick pay and holiday entitlement.Depending on the size of the organisation, information may also beheld concerning qualifications, courses attended and careerdevelopment plans.Design------The fancy function is present where an organisation develops its ownproducts and services a trader who simply buys and sells goods has noneed of a design group unless designing logos etc which maybe carriedout by another firm. Design is part of the research and development(R&D) function, which is vital to organisations wishing to radicallydevelop their product range. The nature of design teams depends on theproduct or service being designed. The skills and tal ents of a cardesign team are clearly very different from those of a team designinga cover for a magazine.ProductionMarkets for a businesss products should ideally, drive the productionfunction. In other words, it should be geared to produce the necessarymix and quantities of products required by customers. If goods ar... ...ons need specialist staff todevelop, introduce, maintain and update the various systems that makeuse of information technology. The responsibilities of ICT Servicesare much broader than those traditional held by wholly centralisedcomputer services or data processing departments because communicationis a larger part of IT with the accession of the internet andE-mail amongst other things.. The development of cheaper and morepowerful microcomputer systems has resulted in computer facilitiesbeing distributed more widely. For this reason, ICT Services needs toprovide a much more flexible service and support user systems at thepoint of use. For example, uses of netwo rk workstations need supportwhen equipment, such as a share printer, breaks down or they mayrequire help in the use of software on the network. This contrastswith a centralised department, which holds all the computer equipment,carries out all computer processing and restricts user access tospecialised applications, run through dedicated terminals. ICTServices may be known variously as calculator Services, ManagementInformation Services or less commonly now, the Data ProcessingDepartment.

Chemistry of LSD and Route of Access Essay -- Chemistry Chemical Scien

Chemistry of LSD and Route of Access ClassificationPharmacologically, the unremarkably abused hallucinogenic substances may be divided into two major groups. The indolealkylamines, including d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and dimethyltryptamine (DMT) bear a structural resemblance to the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). The phenylethylamines, including mescaline and the phenylisopropylamines much(prenominal) as 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM, STP), are structurally related to dopamine, norepinephrine, and the amphetamines (Gelenberg, Bassuk, Schoonover 1991). DosesUsual doses range from about 25 micrograms to more than 300 micrograms. LSD is known to posses a number 1 level of toxicity the effective dose is about 50 micrograms while the lethal dose is about 14,000 micrograms. These figures provide a therapeutic ratio of 280, making the drug a remarkably nonlethal compound (Julien 2001).Pharmacologyd-Lysergic acid diethylamide is a synthe tic hallucinogen derived from an extract of the ergot fungus. The drug is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It is usually ingested as part of a pill or dissolved on a piece of paper (Gelenberg, Bassuk, Schoonover 1991). LSD is often added to other substances, such as the sand of stamps, or sugar cubes, which can be handled more easily (Julien 2001). Following oral administration, the drug is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to body tissues. lonesome(prenominal) small amounts are detected in the brain, however (Gelenberg, Bassuk, Schoonover 1991). It also crosses the placenta. The largest amounts of LSD in the body are found in the liver, where the drug is metabolized be... ...emoved from the reaction confection and can be re-employed in other conversions (Making LSD in the Laboratory, 2005). ReferencesGelenberg, A.J., & Bassuk, E.L., & Schoonover, S.C. (1991). The Practitioners Guide to Psychoactive Drugs. 3rd. Ed. (pp. 288, 290). New York Plenum Publishing Corporation. Julien, R. M. (2001). A Primer of Drug Action. (p. 234). New York outlay Publishers.Stockley. (2002). Stockleys Drug Interactions. (pp. 906-907). Great Britain The Bath Press. Strang, M. (2004). LSD and Psilocybin- Serotonergic Hallucinogens Route of access, brain metabolism, and neurochemical effects. February 24 2005, from The Shroomery. http//www.shroomery.org/index/par/25277.(2005). Making LSD in the Laboratory. February 28 2005, from Temple of the squall Electron. http//www.totse.com/en/drugs/psychedelics/lablsd.html

Eriksons Psychosocial Theory :: Psychology Sociology Erikson Essays

Eriksons Psychosocial Theory Erik Erikson is possibly the best known of Sigmund Freuds many followers. Hegrew up in Europe and spent his young grownup life under the direction of Freud. In 1933when Hitler rose to power in Germany, Erikson emigrated to the United States andbegan teaching at Harvard University. His clinical work and studies were based onchildren, college students, victims of beleaguer fatigue during World War two, civilrights workers, and American Indians. It was these studies which led Erikson tobelieve that Freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development. Throughout this essay, Eriksons psychosocial model will be explored,discussed and evaluated interms of its concepts, theories and assumptions. Thetheoretical underpinning will be discussed with reference to the nature versus nurturedebate and also the continuity versus discontinuity argument. It will then be shownhow Erikson has influenced the way psychologists office the importance of identityd uring adolescents. Firstly, however, Eriksons work will be put alongside that ofFreuds to establish an understanding of the basis from which it came. Eriksons psychosocial model was severely influenced by Freud, and shares anumber of central ideas. For example, both Freud and Erikson agree that everyindividual is born with a number of basic instincts, that development occurs throughstages, and that the found of these stages is influenced by biological maturation(Sigelman, and Shaffer 1992). Erikson also believes, as did Freud, that personality hasthree components the id, the ego, and the superego. Therefore it is fair to say thatErikson is a psychoanalytic theorist. However, Erikson does argue that social and heathen influences have a criticalrole in shaping human development, and less significance should be placed on the roleof sexual urges. Freud did advert however, that social agents such as parents should beregarded as important, but it is Erikson who highlights the forces within a muchbroader social environment, including peers, teachers and schools which are highlyimportant according to Erikson. Erikson, then, moves more towards the nurture sideof the nature - nurture debate than did Freud, viewing nurture as equally important indevelopment. This nurture outlook highlights the emphasis on environmental forceswithin Eriksons model. Experiences in life, changes achieved through learning, theinfluence of methods of child rearing, societal changes and culture all have anexceptionally important role on human development according to Erickson. In addition, Eriksons theory encompasses the whole of the human life-span,outlining the stages that occur, which will be looked at more closely later on.

Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr :: MLK Martin Luther King Civil Rights

Biography of Martin Luther male monarch, JrMartin Luther ability, Jr. was born January 15th, 1929, in Atlanta Georgia. Hisparents are Martin Luther King, Sr.and Alberta Williams King. His father was a liberal member of the blackcommunity in Atlanta and was a Baptist Minister. Hisfamily stressed the need of a firm education to lean back on. King attended a local, nonintegrated public school and was dedicated to learn. At the age of 15, King attended Morehouse college and graduated in 1948. King continued his pursuit of knowledge at Croezer theological Seminary and later graduatedwith honorsonly to further his education by getting a doctoral degree in systematic theology in 1955.During Kings education, he learned the sizeableness of public speaking. King was ordained a Baptist minister at the age of 18. King apply this to express himself freely and he was able to persuade his Listeners. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. not only spoke with purpose but also with a style unlike any others . He was an inspirational speaker and a motivational attractor. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., motivated others with his tremendous speeches and actions. Dr. King used his gift to change the views and beliefs and to lead his peoplethroughout their course of the civil rights movement. Dr. Kings personality had rattling good characteristics that black Americans needed for a leader. At all times Dr.King clearly state his ideas and thoughts surrounding peace and equality in the United States. Dr. King is known as One of the worlds best known advocates of non-violent social change strategies. His ideals came from African-American religious traditions which were then grown more from his education. This social activist and leader was the resultof extensive formal education, strong personal values and ethics. His excellencein leadership can be traced to his character which is shaped by his deterrent example values andpersonality. Dr. Kings own love,and sense of caring, motivated him to figh t for equality which aloud him to become one of the greatest, most influential speakers and writer. When people listened to him, they were easily persuaded and this incouragedthem to keep comprehend and following him. During his time, most Americans believed that African Americans were uneducated and not on the same level as white Americans, so blacks were treated so differently. Dr. King used speeches and letters to prove others they were wrong. Dr. King knew that if he was going to make an impression on his audience he was

Off The Cuff (Improvisation) :: essays research papers

Off the CuffDo people always hunch what to say next? To use subroutineions never thought of forth of time? To carry on a conversation when the person talking to you throws out a question way off base, and yourself, the person receiving the question, doesnt know what to say? Welcome to the world of Improvisation. We all know how these questions make us feel, using improvisation is just the fancy term used. A theatrical acquisition used in comedies, dramas, and mostly in small time field of study groups (The Groundlings). Improvisation, the ability to compose, to make, recite, invent, or arrange offhand. Some drumheads of view in a theatre perspective argon a look ahead on train of thought, actions with movement, and where exactly is this going, (the ultimate meaning).When people talk in conversations, they usually think of what they are going to say, a category, or subject. A look ahead, or train of thought is always a skill. Improvisation is also included in a pic or conversa tion that what ever comes out of the mouth at a steady pace and make round sort of sense. In many a(prenominal) comical theatre groups today, they use improvisation by using the audiences thoughts or suggestions. So now the actors or actresses have to make up a scene using not their own thoughts, but the audiences, and make sense.An action with movement is another term of Improvisation used in theatre. To use movement makes the point or thought the person is trying to get across a lot clearer. Actions that have no meaning with the conversation may confuse some people. For example, if someone is in a business meeting is talking a respective manner charm at the same time is performing the act of skiing down a hill, the person seeing and hearing this would be confused. The action he/she would want to use is legs crossed, hands folded, and looking into the persons eyes while talking. No dialog can still move a conversation or theatrical scene. It all depends on how it is done.Where is this going? The thought usually pops up in an individuals head at one time. To have an ultimate meaning is another important manner in improvisation. To think of dialog is a skill many people do not have. In crowds, or groups, some people have to talk from note cards or a letter with an outline. Others can talk all day without those because they have the use of their brain that outputs dialog that makes sense with the conversation.

Off The Cuff (Improvisation) :: essays research papers

Off the CuffDo people always know what to regularise next? To use actions never thought of ahead of cartridge holder? To carry on a conversation when the person talking to you throws out a question way off base, and yourself, the person receiving the question, doesnt know what to say? Welcome to the world of Improvisation. We all know how these questions make us feel, using improvisation is just the fancy term employ. A theatrical skill used in comedies, dramas, and mostly in small time theatre groups (The Groundlings). Improvisation, the ability to compose, to make, recite, invent, or arrange offhand. Some points of view in a theatre sentiment are a look ahead on train of thought, actions with movement, and where exactly is this sack, (the ultimate meaning).When people talk in conversations, they usually think of what they are going to say, a category, or subject. A look ahead, or train of thought is always a skill. Improvisation is also included in a setting or conversation that what ever comes out of the mouth at a steady pace and make some sort of sense. In many uncommon theatre groups today, they use improvisation by using the audiences thoughts or suggestions. So now the actors or actresses have to make up a scene using not their own thoughts, but the audiences, and make sense.An action with movement is another term of Improvisation used in theatre. To use movement makes the point or thought the person is trying to get across a lot clearer. Actions that have no meaning with the conversation may confuse some people. For example, if someone is in a business meeting is talking a respective manner while at the same time is performing the act of locomote down a hill, the person seeing and hearing this would be confused. The action he/she would want to use is legs crossed, hands folded, and looking into the persons eyes while talking. No dialog can still move a conversation or theatrical scene. It all depends on how it is done.Where is this going? Th e thought usually pops up in an individuals head at one time. To have an ultimate meaning is another important manner in improvisation. To think of dialog is a skill many people do not have. In crowds, or groups, some people have to talk from note cards or a letter with an outline. Others can talk all day without those because they have the use of their brain that outputs dialog that makes sense with the conversation.

Chilis History Essay

Chilis first location, a converted postal station on Greenville Avenue in Dallas, Texas, subject in 1975. Lavines concept was to create an informal, full-service dining restaurant with a menu featuring different types of hamburgers offered at an affordable price. The brand proved successful, and by the primordial 1980s there were 28 Chilis locations in the region, all featuring similar Southwest decor. In 1983, Lavine sold the company to restaurant executive Norman E. Brinker, formerly of the Pillsbury restaurant group. Chilis now has locations in all 50 U. S. states, 30 international locations and two territories.Its easy to see wherefore Chilis has become such a firm favourite among Dubais families. First, theres the wall-to-wall decor of exposed brick, vintage Americana (think mid-80s posters promoting provincial jalapeno cook-offs) and fake greenery. The result is too thick, too clumsy, to persuade the wayward Texan that he has found his way home, but does make for a riot of rubric and interest to help keep little ones amused. Secondly, the veritable army of Chilis serving staff will happily create an astonishing spectacle of upset and cheer when you opt to hold a birthday here.And finally, theres the indulgent menu of massive portions. Even the starters are almost impossible to check nachos are smeared liberally with hot and cheesy chilli the signature Old Timer burger boasts enough dollops of relish on the thick meaty patty that the ringlet is likely to disintegrate and sizzling platters of fajitas produce thick clouds of salty smoke guaranteed to get hungry mouths slavering, provided you dont choke on the heady blue devils first. Assuming you dont try to finish each portion, you might even have room to tackle the oozing mass of molten java cake and vanilla ice cream.Of course, there are two sides to every story, and for many diners the blatant Americana will prove claustrophobic, the menu (aside from a few amazingly tasty Guiltless Grill option s) just too calorific, and the average of five greetings per visit unnecessary, bordering on the intrusive. Nonetheless, Chilis is consistently heaving, and dotted among those families are many workers who have come direct from a long day at the office. Its not just little kids in Dubai who appreciate piles of buttery comfort food Chilis lacks refinement, but serves this up in great quantities.

The Treatment of Somali Refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia: an Assessment

Introduction1.1 BackgroundAfter the end of the Cold War, the world-wideistic community had to build an entirely new schedule for human rights, democracy and development in the worlds approximately troubled regions (Forsythe, 2006 210-215 Normand & Zaidi, 2008 316-323).In Africa, conflicts in the Congo, Rwanda and Somaliana left the region tormented by an ongoing refugee crisis. The wish of stable political institutions and representative democracy in these countries necessitated the revision of outside(a) legal standards, in commit to cope with the refugee crisis and to provide security and shelter.With all over 3 million recognized refugees at present, Africa is considered by the UNHCR the biggest challenge, absorbing the largest proportion of the budget and humanitarian programmes (Zolberg et. al, 1989). This piece will focus on the intervention of Somali refugees in twain of the neighbouring countries Kenya and Ethiopia, which reportedly swarm the largest proportio n of the refugees at present (UNHCR, 2011abc). The reason why Somali refugees were chosen as the subject of this paper is because this is one of the yearnest ongoing political and humanitarian crises, and its implications upon regional politics and the local populations are perpetual. It also demonstrates the discrepancies in international law in transaction with displacement and human right violations of the Somali refugees. The paper will assess the treatment of refugees in these two countries. Based on this assessment, the author will watch recommendations for the improvement of the treatment of the refugees.1.2 Research questionThe purpose of this audition is to explore the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia. Their treatment will be looked at through the optical prism of basic human rights conventions and will ideally seek to provide a broader beneathstanding on the stance of the refugees in a global era. It will bring out the main challenges, which refuge es from Somalia face on the territories of Kenya and Ethiopia and will explain how these challenges are posed by inconsistencies in international law.In order to do this, the author will first critically approach the interpretation of the line refugee. Next, the author will attempt to trace whether basic provisions stipulated by the 1951 company on the posture of the Refugees have been met by the political science in Ethiopia and Kenya. Before this, a brief historical overview of the main events leading to the refugee crisis will be provided. The Somali refugee crisis the preludeIn Somalia, the transition to political independence has been scarred by eventionalism and division. In the early 1990s, the clan based opposition groups ousted the military government, which led to the outbreak of decade long civil war, throughout which various situationions were competing for queen (Waldron & Hasci, 1994). In 2004, the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was formed. Its opposing faction was the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), which soon lost power to the TFG in the south. Subsequently, the TFG split into radical groups, Al-Shabaab existence one of them. Since then, the Al-Shabaab has been fighting the TFG over political and economic supremacy (UNHCR, 2011c).The civil war resulted in the displacement of millions of Somali concourse, turning them into the third largest refugee group in the world, after the Iraq and Afghanistan refugees (UNHCR, 2011c). Apart from Western countries such as UK and Italy, Somali refugees travel to neighbouring countries, mostly Ethiopia and Kenya. As of July 2011, on the soil of Ethiopia there were 160,000 Somali refugees, residing in six large camps in the eastern and south-eastern part of the country. In 2011 the number of new arrivals increased dramatically with up to 23,000 deal arriving per month. In Kenya, currently there are around 280,000 Somali refugees, and as of July 2011, their number has dramatically increased becaus e of the draught in East Africa (UNHCR, 2011b).3. Problems of definitionThe purposes if this essay would not be fulfilled, if the author does not provide a definition of the term refugee.According to Article 1 (2) of the 1951 UNHCR design on the Status of the Refugees, the term refugee shall apply to any person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is away the country of his nationality and is unable, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country (UNHCR, 1951). The same definition stool be found in the OAU 1969 Convention on the Refugees in Africa (Article 1).The main criticism, which this definition obviously provokes, is the lack of prescriptions for the state of origin, and the obligations of the host countries. The definition exhausts the basic connotation of a refugee, which has not changed much to this day, only does not define the responsibilities and actions, which the host regime are obliged to take under international law. The definition explains the confines of the country of persecution, but not the name of protection of refugees in foreign territories. This is not a technical flaw of the definition, as embedded in the convention, but a general weakness of international law, when it comes to the treatment of refugees in host countries (Marfleet, 2006 9-20 Gibney, 20056-13).This raises several issues link up to legitimacy, and they are not, as proposed by Zolberg et.al (1989) related to the debate who is a refugee under international law. These controversies are related to the lack of legally binding prescriptions for the host countries, sheltering refugees. Despite the fact that there has been ongoing development of the understanding of the term persecution since 1951, it remains unclear how persecution of refugees can be prevented in the host territories. Therefore, it is importan t to trace the implications of this inconsistency in terms of policy and treatment of the Somali refuges in Ethiopia and Kenya and identify problems, which mightiness arise from the lack of a clear definition of persecution and the responsibilities of the host countries. The following pieces will demonstrate the practical implications of this gap in international law in relation to the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia.4. discussion of Somali refugees in KenyaAccording to the UNHCR, more than 600, 000 Somali refugees are now residing in neighbouring countries (2011). At present, Kenya is the country, where largest proportions of the Somali refugees are pursuit shelter. Currently, it is hosting around 280 000 refugees, residing in three large camps, located in the North Eastern Daabab camps (UNHCR, 2011b).Although it is clear that Kenya has been unable to cope with the intense wave of Somali immigrants without the financial aid of the international community, in 2010, pardon International has reported bewail violations of rights of the refuges on behalf of the Kenyan authorities (Amnesty International Report AFR 32/015, 2010). The report says that thousands of refugees were forcibly returned to Somalia, and founding was not provided to the individuals which claimed for it. The report also reveals the implications of the fact that a large proportion of the refugees were not screened because of the closure of the immigration centre at the Kenya-Somali border. It was closed(a) because Kenyan authorities were concerned that ongoing violence in Somalia and persistent acts of terrorism could spread on their own grease (Amnesty International Report AFR 32/015, 2010). The other conclusions of Amnesty International are related to police harassment in the camps, and violation of the dogma of non-refoulement (Amnesty International Report AFR 32/015, 2010). The rule of non-refoulement, which is embedded in the UNHCR Convention for the Refugees prohibits the expulsion, extradition, deportation, return or otherwise removal of any person in any manner whatsoever to a country or territory where he or she would face a real risk of persecution or serious harm (UNHCR Convention on the Status of the Refugees, 1951).The report reveals that when the Kenyan authorities closed the border, around 4000 Somalis were trapped alongside and 360 were refouled. In 2009, 93 Somali asylum seekers were forcibly refouled back to Somalia. It is now clear that by choosing to close its border, Kenya has violated the principle of non-refoulement of the UN and the 1967 Protocol, as well as its own 2006 Refugee Act. Further implications of the closure of the transit border centre is that the newly arrived refugees are no longer screened for health purposes, and virtually of them have suffered exhaustion and malnutrition on their way to the camps (which are located about 80 km from the border).Another type of violations is related to the security and well being of the refugees, often threatened by the Kenyan security forces. As of December 2010, issues related to limited access to water, shelter, sanitation and other essential services referable to overcrowding have been reported. In addition, the refugees are not allowed outside the camps unless in exceptional circumstances such as relocation to third countries (Amnesty International, 2010). Other violations include versed harassment, forced marriages in the camps, as well as the involuntary recruitment of refugees for military service. Based on this report, it is not difficult to determine that Kenyan authorities have allowed the unlawful treatment of Somali refugees by local militias, and have committed violations related to their treatment on the territory of the host country.In sum, a closer look at the treatment of the Somali refugees in Kenya reveals that there have been violations of key provisions, related to the emplacement of the refugees. From a legal perspective , this is due to the fact that there are no legally binding provisions, which define the responsibilities of the host countries, or penalties in case of violations. By no legally binding it is meant that the quick rules and regulations remain prescriptive of how the hosting countries submit to treat refugees, seeking shelter on their territory. As stated earlier before, there is not a clear definition of persecution and the counter-measures, which it entails, therefore the actions of the Kenyan authorities remain unaddressed under international law. As the next section will reveal, the situation in Ethiopia is quite similar.5. Treatment of Somali refugees in EthiopiaAs mentioned earlier in the essay, Ethiopia is the country, where the second highest proportion of Somali refugees resides. An estimate of 280, 000 refugees have fled to Ethiopia since the beginning of the conflict in Somalia more than two decades ago. They have been accommodated in eight camps along the Ethio-Somali b order (UNHCR, 2011). Similarly to the case in Kenya, the refugees are denied access to education and work opportunities, as well as free movement and access to healthcare. According to Markos (2011), the main reasons for the unlawful treatment of the Somali refugees in Ethiopia generate from the gap between national legislation and international legal standards, related to the status of the refugees. Despite the fact that Ethiopia has ratified key international refugee instruments such as the 1951 Convention, the 1967 Protocol and the 1969 OAU Convention, the treatment of the Somali refugees on the territory of the country is a signifier that constraints to the implementation of their provision on national level are ostensible.Understandably, the Ethiopian authorities are trying to protect their peculiar national resources and infrastructure, which explains why their tolerance to the refugee influx is not high (Waldron & Hasci, 1994). From the perspective of the international commu nity however, this does not ameliorate the fact that many Somalis face grieve human rights violations in the camps on the territory of Ethiopia. Some of the key provisions of the 1951 Convention have been violated such as the right of freedom, the right to claim their place of residence, the right to move freely within the country, as well as the access to elementary and religious education.In sum, although the situation with the treatment of the refugees in Ethiopia is not so grieve as the one in Kenya, Somali refugees in Ethiopia still face deprivations and human right violations. This is due to the scarce resources in the country, as well as the gaps in national legislation, which do not allow the direct implementation of key provisions of international law, related to the status of the refugees.Based on the above observations on the treatment of the refugees in these two countries, a brief set of recommendations will be provided in the following section.6. RecommendationsThis s ection will provide a brief set of recommendations for policy reform and action for the improvement of the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia. The recommendations have been divided in four groups general recommendations, recommendations for Kenya, recommendations for Ethiopia, and recommendations for the international community.6.1 General recommendationsThe previous sections have shown that without clear definition on persecution and the responsibilities of the host countries, it would be im realistic to provide shield of refugees and displaced people under international law. Therefore, a revision of the legal provisions related with the refugees is necessary. In the near future however, a revision of existing refugee legislation might be a cumbersome and formidable process, because it would involve redrafting existing legislation, its ratification and its incorporation into host countries judiciary system. In addition, it is not clear how this would help shoot d own other challenges, related to refugee protection, such as the ones mentioned by Landgren (1998) agents of persecution the notion of political offence in extradition treaties the criminalization of illegal departure and the precipitation of repatriation. Despite the fact that the principle of non-refoulment remains one of the strongest refugee rights, and despite the presence of minimum rights clauses for the treatment of refugees in the 1951 Convention, their enforcement in countries, where poverty and political instability are persistent, remains a challenge. As a result, existing legislation needs to be revised in order to meet the new security threats, raised by globalisation and the incapacity of many states to protect their own civil populations. At present, the definition of the term refugee is problematic because it does not provide a clear direction of what responsibilities the host countries need to have. Therefore a revision of the definition, as well as existing le gislation is necessary. As a result, the responsibilities of the host countries-signatories to the refugee instruments should be legally binding.6.2 Recommendations for KenyaThe most important recommendation for the Kenyan authority is to open the border control camp which would facilitate the registration of the refugees, and the access of the newly arrived to healthcare, food and clean water. At present Kenyan authorities are concerned that if the border is open, this might provide access to Kenya of the militant members of Al-Shabaab, which is a major security threat for the civilian population (Daily Mail, 2011). However, a stronger border control and the allocation of additional police and military units, which would perform thorough checks on those wishing to cross the border, is a possible solution.The most important recommendation for the Kenyan government in order to improve the situation with the refugees is to ensure that the security forces do not violate the principle o f non-refoulement. This can take place if more international observers are allowed in the camps and on the Somali-Kenyan border.6.3 Recommendations for EthiopiaIn Ethiopia, the revision of national legislation is crucial for the implementation of the international provisions, related with the rights of the refugees. In a country with feeble political and judiciary institutions, the process will be cumbersome, but legal revision is necessary in order to provide refugees and asylum-seekers protection.6.4 Recommendations for the international communityAs far as the actions of the international organisations, regional organisations and the donor countries are concerned, they need to be related with raising awareness of the situation, and stronger measures related to supervise and accountability of the actions of the security forces on the territory of both countries. This means that institutions such as the UNHCR, and regional organisations such as OAU and ACHPR (African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights) need to play a more proactive role in liaising with local governments and observing the situation in countries like Kenya and Ethiopia. This can be implemented exploitation two channels a liaison with government agencies, and regular reports, provided by non-governmental organizations on the situation within the camps.It is important that efforts for the protection of the refugees are made on all four of the above levels. Only the vertical harmonization of actions between national authorities and the international community, wrapped in an appropriate legal framework, can eventually lead to the creation of a safer environment for the Somali refugees, and the determination of their international status in the global era.ConclusionThis paper has shown that despite the efforts of the international community, there are problems, related with the treatment of Somali refugees in Kenya and Ethiopia. The lack of commitment of the host countries, and the lack of co ordination between national governments and international organisations have perpetuated the crisis. In order to fulfil its commitments for democratization and political stability on the African continent, the international community needs to revise key legal provisions relating to the status of the refugees, and to ensure that there are no constraints for their implementation on national level. In addition, the international status of the refugees needs to be determined, in order to allot them legitimacy and protection in a global world.BibliographyAmnesty International (2010) From life without peace to peace without life. The treatment of Somali Refugees and Asylum-seekers in Kenya, 8 December, index number AFR 32/015/2010, on hand(predicate) at http//www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR32/015/2010/en/1eb8bd34-2a5c-4aa4-8814-83e0e8df8ebf/afr320152010en.pdfRetrieved 12.02.2012Daily Mail (2011) Somalian militants vow revenge suicide attacks after Kenyan army crosses border follo wing kidnappings, updated 17 October, 2011Available at http//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2050240/Somalian-militant-group-Al-Shabab-threatens-Kenya-suicide-attacks.htmlRetrieved 15.04.2012Forsythe, D. (2006) Human Rights in International Relations, Cambridge Cambridge University PressGibney, M.J. (2005) The Ethics and Politics of Asylum. Liberal democracy and the Response to Refugees, Cambridge Cambridge University PressOAU (1969) Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, Available at http//www.africa-union.org/Official_documents/Treaties_%20Conventions_%20Protocols/Refugee_Convention.pdfRetrieved 12.02.2012Marfleet, P. (2006) Refugees in a Global Era, Basingstoke MacmillianMarkos, K. (2011) The Treatment of Somali Refugees in Ethiopia under Ethiopian and International Law, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol 9, Issue 3, p. 365-391.Landgren, K. (1998) The Future of Refugee Protection Four ChallengesJournal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 11, Issue 4, Pp. 416-432Normand, R. & Zaidi, S. (2008) Human Rights at the UN The Political History of ordinary Justice, Indiana University PressUNHCR (1951) Convention Relating to the Status of the Refugees, declaration 2198, Adopted by the United Nations General AssemblyAvailable at http//www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.htmlRetrieved 12.02.2012UNHCR (1967) Protocol Relating to the Status of the Refugees, Resolution 2198, Adopted by the United Nations General AssemblyAvailable at http//www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.htmlRetrieved 12.02.2012UNHCR, UN Refugee Agency (2011a) Ethiopia. 2012 UNHCR country operations profile Ethiopia, Available at http//www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/varlet?page=49e483986Retrieved 12.02.2012UNHCR, UN Refugee Agency (2011b) Kenya. 2012 UNHCR country operations profile KenyaAvailable at http//www.unhcr.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e483a16&submit=GORetrieved 12.02.2012UNHCR, UN Refugee Agency (2011c) Somalia. 2012 UNHCR country operations profile SomaliaAvailable at htt p//www.unhcr.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e483ad6&submit=GORetrieved 12.02.2012UNHCR (2011d) The International Protection of Refugees Interpreting Article 1 of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Available athttp//www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/3b20a3914.pdfRetrieved 12.02.2012Waldron, S., Hasci, N. (1994)Somali refugees in the Horn of Africa state of the art literature review, Report No.3, Refugee Studies Programme, Queen Elisabeth House, Oxford Oxford University Press,Zolberg, A., Zuhrke, A. & Aguayo, S. (1989) Escape from Violence. Conflict and Refugee Crisis in the Developing World. Oxford Oxford University Press

Spartan Heat Exchangers Inc.

Current State hard Heat Ex budgers Inc. is a leading designer and manu detailurer of specialized industrial heat air equipment for more than 10 years. The companys primary products are transformer coolers, hydro generator coolers, air-cooled heat ex veerrs and transformer oil coolers. Their USP Fin tube type heat exchangers and big lasting products. They are into highly customized heat equipments & because of new competition from European & Korean companies they have changed their corporate policy, which emphasize on reducing the product commixture & standardized the product.The new agate line policy also states of reducing the current lead time from 14 weeks to 6 weeks. Problem Statement The Materials section headed by squirm Coyne has to take a lot of initiatives internally to incorporate various implications of the new strategy, and submit his report to his boss Max Brisco of the changes suggested by him within a week. His major challenges are Change from responsive to ant icipatory model. Keep-up with the cast upd competition in the industry. Inventory turns from present 4 times to 20 times. Eliminate real shortages & stock outs. Reduce appeal of Purchase goods by 10%. Reduction in the custom lead time from 14 weeks to 6 weeks. Analysis of unlikeiate issues & selections Interpretation of new corporate strategy. (ok, might need some rephrasing of words) In our view the key issue is to find out how to adapt the confer chain strategy from a responsive model to an anticipatory model.The previous corporate strategy was al-Qaedad on customization of each of their products which is now existence changed to standardization. This change bay window be best illustrated by comparison of figures 1. 1 and 1. 2 in Appendix 1, wherein the possible corporate structures may tend to three different values, i. e. cost, differentiation and responsiveness hard strategy has shifted from a focus in differentiation and responsiveness to a cost and responsiveness va lue proposition. Job spy method of production to Hybrid.The new corporate strategy implies re-engineering from a job shop method of production (which involved manufacturing operations with several departments, each of which produced particular(prenominal) components, Ref Case) to a hybrid method of production which is a flow operation, where multiple work stations can be working simultaneously, which testamenting primarily allow life-threatening to increase volume of production, foreshorten lead time, it go away further lead in cutting down the carrying cost of inventory, even though the inventory will be high. Raw materials procurement The customization strategy mandatory the presence of many vendors and a high level of inventory in the warehouse. On the contrast, the new corporate strategy reduces variety to 3-4 basic lines for each product category will require less variety of rude material notwithstanding in higher quantity. This will endue the company a higher negotia tion power for better all overall conditions, including delivery time, transportation cost, damage, quality & budget. jot time drop-off from 16 to 4 weeksOne of the main concerns for the company is to reduce the lead time from 16 to 4 weeks in order to conceal up with the competition in the market. This should be discussed with the vendors at the time of negotiation & should also be a clause in the PO. Now since the process is already standardized, Rick should also insist on improved communication between sales, materials department & vendors will help in the prediction of demand. There is also an option of moveing a buffer stock in case of an inconsistent demand. We believe that this goal can be achieved with an adequate supply chain strategy.The fact that we are reducing the number of vendors required will allow us to be more selective and procure only from the vendors that provide a do in accordance with our new needs, i. e. only from those who in the past have consistentl y delivered in few days lead time or those who can commit to do so in the future. Change in Corporate Culture The new strategy will affect the corporate structure in the company. Earlier the work was base on the specific exigencys of the client and it was more of research based but now the focus on research will be less and it will be more on general requirements.Therefore the type of work would shift. The present organizational chart of the SC Department in the company includes two buyers, one material control clerk, one expeditor and two shipper/receivers. This structure was functional to the previous strategy because there was a healthy focus on the purchasing function. We believe that in order to maximize the SC Department resources in accordance with the new structure the positions and functions of the people with the SC Department will have to be adapted to strengthen the inventory management function of the company.There company could benefit from having one person respon sible for(p) for forecasting demand. Processes should be reviewed to ensure that the SC Department has sufficient access to information in order to achieve this task. Re-buying will also be of bound importance now in order to ensure that there is always sufficient inventory to maintain production going. Vendor Development. A vendor base of 350 can prove very beneficial for hard. Such a large base of vendor proves that Spartan has a good market reputation.Also the increase in the requirement of lovesome material & its variety getting reduced will help Rick to Maintain & improve quality Find & ascend bestin-class supplier (both these points will help in superior quality product) Standardize the items bought & the processes used to procure them (now possible due to standardization of product) (Ref pg 48) Purchase required items & services at lowest cost of ownership. Another option that Rick will have is Consignment buying (Ref.Pg 35) (which is possible due to the space for sale i n the warehouse since the variety of raw materials has reduced) This space can be used to keep suppliers inventory under his control ( specially for Aluminum which constitutes 40% of the conglomeration inventory). A)This will help Rick in another way as he will be able to solve the problem of stock out, specially for the basic raw material ie Aluminum. B)Since Spartan will now need only a fixed variety of raw materials, hence the requirement of a large vendor base will not be required. This will also provide Rick more negotiation power for a ixed vendor base, for his basic raw material as explained later on. The new business strategy being formulated for 5 years will give more negotiation power in view of a commitment of a long term relationship. As we previously mentioned, the new strategy of Spartan will enable the Supply Chain Department to restructure the procurement scenario. As we know, purchasing and supply management are critical to the success of a company. The general mod ern conception regarding procurement is recognizing the importance that, in addition to price, other elements may have in this relation.In this line of thought, we believe that being able to reduce significantly the number of vendors will allow the company to make some considerable advances on vendor development. Since there will be a less variety of raw materials to purchase and in a larger quantity than previously, due to the new anticipatory approach, the company should aim to show long term relationship with these fewer vendors. However by no means do we want to imply that purchasing function at Spartan should be any less strategic.We believe that this should continue, but also that some resources can now afford, and will highly benefit, from reallocating some resources to the inventory management function. Spartan will require more inventory and raw materials as it would be an ongoing production always. For that the company will have to get in key signature with their supplie rs more often in order to fulfill production requirement. Suppliers will also have a strong incentive to cooperate with the company as they can obtain higher revenues due to more bulk orders.Additionally, we know that reducing the costs will drive profitability up. Moreover, reducing the purchasing price on raw materials will produce a leverage effect on the return on assets. This means that any given reduction that Spartan can obtain on the procurement price of aluminum will translate in an even higher increase in the return on assets. (DEMONSTRATE) A reduction in the prices from suppliers is one aspect that is always possible and in this case is necessary because of the situation that is happening in the market.Spartan should keep always in mind that many of their customers (including some of the key ones) decided to opt for standard product design because it brings them more advantages like lower cost and faster delivery. In consequence, Spartan should look for new suppliers that satisfy effectively the new needs of that the market is asking for. A 10% of reduction in the prices from suppliers could be possible by searching new suppliers that offer standardized products of good quality. It could be a good idea to search new Asian and European suppliers because they are being very competitive according the new market standards.Spartan should also consider finding an effective logistics route which allows them to reduce costs and they should consider the possibility of consolidating their goods. This will represent a decrease in the expenses that the company has to pay once they receive their goods. Training of manpower The change in corporate strategy will require the employees to get training in accordance with the new product line. The anticipated increase in business will require more staff so the HR Dept will have to recruit more staff. R&D New initiative for a array of new ProductsThe R&D will have to redirect their efforts to more standardized manufac turing process for a new product line based on the new strategy. Procurement of Extra Machinery (dont think this is necessary) Key Assumptions The materials requirement in a customized product setup is not predictable, but the raw material requirement is quiet predictable in the standardized product setup which will help in reduction of a variety of raw material. We assume that there will be an on-going production. Another part of the corporate strategy is to reduce the lead time from 16 weeks to 4 weeks.By acceptation of this strategy Spartan will now be able to overcome one of its weakness, which will result in increase in sales, since Spartan will now have access to customers, it lost due to longer lead times. This increase in sales will provide high inventory turnover and help Rick to negotiate the prices & increase his inventory turnover from 4 to 20 times. Inventory Turnover = Sales/ Inventory (ref Pg. ___) The transition from customization to specialization will also help i n reduction in the raw materials variety, which will provide some extra space in the companies warehouse, which will allow Rick to do Consignment uying (ref pg 35). Key Results of Calculations Total cost of Inventory (Raw material & WIP) = $3,500,000. 00 Out of which 40% is Raw Material = $ 1,400,000. 00 Remaining 60% is WIP = $ 2,100,000. 00 Target 10% Reduction in cost of raw materials = $ 140,000. 00 35% of the cost of raw material is Aluminum = $ 490,000. 00 A 15% reduction in the cost a saving of $ 73,500. 00 (as suggested this is achieved by consignment buying or bulk buying & savings on transportation). Out of the remaining inventory cost of $ 910,000. 00 A 7. % reduction on cost price (ie a saving of $ 66,500. 00) on the remaining inventory achieved through negotiation & POs (which will fix the prices for over 12 months) will allow Rick to achieve the target. Since in customized WIP is more which will decrease in standardization, ie reduction in handling & computer memory c ost. No commitment but looks achievable over a period of 12 months. Recommendations Based on the above argument we believe that the positivity in Ricks mind in supporting the new corporate policy is valid & achievable. Appendix 1 1. 1 1. 2 1. 2

The House behind a Weeping Cherry: Analysis

The House Behind A Weeping red believe an individual can appoint their country for their personal stretch out because that country could be a place where volume are mistreated by the government. Living in China during the time Of the Cultural Revolution people were persecuted and thrown into prison because they were speaking out against low founder wages and poverty. As in the story The House Behind A Weeping Cherry, Ill was smuggled into this country illegally by a man who seed her and other women in slave labor such as prostitution.Ill was awful to get out of China because of the ill treatment the peopled faced. She wanted to start a new life in the U. S. Where she would have a find out to make a better life for herself and to make more money to send back to her family in China. Ill was in a trap or a common cycle for women who fall prey to men who take advantage of people who seemingly have no other choices in life. She demonic her country for the situation she finds hers elf in because the country failed the people by causing them to use any means necessary to flee.People were dying from poverty and starvation as well as sickness and disease. They had little or no medical care and the working conditions were poor and unsafe. Ill knew she had to leave China somehow dismantle if it meant being placed in slave labor as a prostitute. During this time in China, the people were fighting and demonstrating in the streets. They were dying for the right to medium treatments as a citizen of China. They were demonstrating for an increase in pay wages so that they would be able to care for their families.As with so many countries, there are several(predicate) classes of people. The poor people were doing all of the labor and didnt make enough money to visit a doctors office for a regular physical exam. The people couldnt pay for decent housing and ended up living in huts or in the streets. The government used them unfairly and they didnt seem to care. Ill cam e into this country with the hopes of a better life, but was still being used by the circumstances of her country. Living as a prostitute and having to pay the majority of your earnings to someone else is not the makings of a better life.Using your body to earn a living is even more degrading than living in a country where you are estimated because you are poor. Her life was in the hands Of another person who seemed to have total control. But after meeting someone who gave her hope to break unornamented from the life she was living seemed possible. My struggles were not as serious as Lilys, but I had to make some hard choices in my life. The choice to go to college to touch a degree in Business Administration was a long journey. After the loss of my job and income, living off of unemployment for two years I hit rock bottom.Raising a teenager as a single parent had its challenges of its own. Eventually unemployment ran its course and then losing my coop apartment of 14 years. I und erstand that as a woman had a choice to either rise through this trial or become like Ill and blame my country because of the failed economy in 2008. But instead of blaming my country and the greedy corporations I chose to rise to the occasion and take action. I can no protracted be a victim of circumstance, but can make a difference in my life as well as setting an practice session for my son by going to college in the midst of our struggle and make a greater life for me and my family.

African American Literature Essay

This process, wherein the reading of a text becomes a vehicle for egotism-realization and self-transformation is emphasized in the slave narratives of African American Literature. These narratives present us with accounts of individual self-transformation bargon in the process wherein the individual writes his or her self into a being recognized by the superior society. Within such(prenominal) works, the authors portray the process in which he or she overcomes the slaveholding societys continuous attempts to deny or eradicate his or her identity.Despite of this, it is great to note that although such a process involves the beingness of a referent, which is tantamount to the humanity of an identity, such a process also involves the enculturation of the preponderant cultures norms. In this sense, slave narratives whitethorn be seen as depicting the conflict involved in the humanity of an African American identity. The conflict is evident if angiotensin-converting enzyme con siders that the aforementioned assimilation of values involved in the creation of an African American identity stands in direct conflict to the individuals experiences during and after slavery.African-American slave narratives, in this sense, provide a dramatic model of the textual construction and development of African-American identity. such a process, on the other hand, mirrors the correlation between literary productions and politics and thereby onlyows us to consider the theoretical and honest implications of a literary work. This is evident if one considers that African American slave narratives aide in the construction of an African American identity by raising issues regarding the comportment and formation of the self at heart an inscrutable literary form.In lieu of this, this paper opts to present an analysis of the textual, social, and governmental conditions that affect the creation of the African American identity. The paper is carve up into three wears. The fir st part of the paper aims to explicate the aforementioned relation of the textual construction of identity evident within literary texts. The necessity of such is evident if one considers that the process sets the contextual background for the analysis of literary texts.The second part of the paper, on the other hand, opts to explicate the manner in which trustworthy forms of slave narratives may aide in the creation of an African American identity. Such an explication involves the analysis of Frederick Douglass Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass as well as Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. The following texts will be used due to the autobiographical genius of the aforementioned texts. It is great to note that the aforementioned music genre provides a form of discursive control both as an authorial choice and as a privileged aesthetic and ethical discourse.This stems from the presumed unitary character of the narratives within the genre (Gilligan 89) . Such a character, on the other hand, enables the promotion and presentation of a self that sh bes confessional discourse and an assumed interiority with an attached moral impartiality in the examination of an individual and in the creation of the authors individuality. In this sense, the inclusion of the aforementioned works within the genre of autobiography may be seen as political act, which mirrors the same conflicts evident in the political construction of the self that African Americans experience in the creation or formation of an identity.In this part of the paper, I will also argue that the aforementioned works enable the act of transformative recognition, which is necessary in the creation of an African American identity. The third part of the paper, on the other hand, involves the setting of the power relations that enables the conflict of identity formation amongst African Americans within the authoritative American society. The third part of the paper thereby provide s a social analysis of the aforementioned conflict in identity formation.In the last part of the paper, I will argue that such a conflict continually pervades the current American society and that the reason for such lies in the continuation of African American slavery within the 21st Century America. It is important to note that the continuation of such is enabled by the continuous perception of the African American as a slave. The continuation of slavery thereby is enabled by the continuation of the perceived status characteristic of the African American as a slave (Levin 227).let us now proceed with the initial part of the paper. Due to the interconnectedness of the text and the individual, discussions of African American Literature can be placed within a theoretical and ethical atomic number 18na. It becomes possible to conjoin the effects of the ethical and aesthetic character of a work in the realization of a self-identity and political identity in the reader. At the same tim e, this view allows us to posit the individual reading a text as someone whose ethical problematization necessitates a theoretical problematization.Through this, it also becomes possible for us to ask whether the predisposed reading of texts is in itself a mode of exercising power over the ethical predispositions of individuals and not necessarily a theory, which opts to pave the way for human emancipation. All of these will show that the spontaneous and habitual orientation of attention is inimical to the aliment of reality. Therefore, the event of ascribing an identity towards ones self is a reorientation of attention and a kind of ontological conversion, which affects the aesthetic, ethical, and political perceptions of the individual.In order for literature to be considered as a form of social practice, there are factors that need to exist. These are the writer, the reader, and the text. Spatiotemporal and material conditions may affect the relationship between the three. For e xample, not all authors know their readers and the meaning ascribed to a text is dependent upon the conditions within the society in which the text is located. There are other complexities in the relationship between the three.For example, by looking at the material conditions closely, we will see that writers normally write for a specific audience whose inclinations and attitudes they consider in the process of writing their stories. This leads to the creation of genres, which dictate how a accompaniment form of literature will be read and considered. Of course, genre formation is not this truthful but what I would like to emphasize here is that in the process of genre formation abstractions are being created and established within a system, which leads to the creation of a new set of categories and a new paradigm for assessing a literary text.Since writing occurs within a specific logonomic system, which constrains and determines the meaning of a text, it becomes important to co nsider whether what is being written and produced will not disrupt the dominant paradigm. That is why, within a patriarchal society, any form of literature that questions or presents other alternative to the normative form of existence becomes marginalized and silenced. True enough, there are instances wherein a space is provided for the existence of deviant perspectives.However, it should be noted that no dominant social discourse includes or exhausts all human practice, energy, and intention. On the obdurate, it is a fact of all modes of domination that they select from and consequently exclude the full digress of human practice. Therefore, when an excluded and marginalized discourse becomes incorporated or is allowed to exist within the dominant paradigm, it has already been reinterpreted to suit the dominant paradigms perspective. Such is the case of African American slave narratives.Acceptance of the aforementioned narratives within the literary sphere involves recognition o f the African American existence as individual entities with their own ontology. It is important to note, that early slave narratives took the form of spiritual autobiography, the providential tale, criminal confession, Indian captivity narrative, sea adventure story, and the picaresque novel (Fisch 13). The religious character of such slave narratives accounts for the process of liberation spiritual and then political character of the aforementioned forms evident within the genre.Acceptance of the genre thereby involves a predetermined creation of an ontology for those who are depicted within the genre itself. Such an ontology is provided by the religious conversion associated with the narratives of the self evident within the aforementioned genre. According to Fisch, the acceptance of the genre was characterized by a form of racial condescension that often takes the form of romantic primitivism wherein the African American ex-slave is portrayed as a native tribe who were more vir tuous since they were removed from the corrupting influences of society (25).From this, we can see that African Literature faces the problems of categorization. Knowing that recognition will only be achieved when one is accepted within the dominant paradigm, there is a considerable desire to be a part of the canon. However, working with the knowledge that acceptance is tantamount to the passing game of the subversive and revolutionary character of their writings African American Literature strives for a form of recognition, which erases all forms of domination wherein the literary works from the centre, periphery, and the middle all possess equal ground.This is possible if we perceive African American Literature as a form of minor literature. Minor literature does not designate a specific literature but it refers to the recognition that all forms of literature have been placed in revolutionary conditionswithin the heart of what are called great (or established) literature (Deleuze and Guattari 18). However, this recognition that all forms of literature once held a revolutionary position against the canon does not erase the dominance of a particular mode of perceiving texts.Drawing a boundary of what is or what is not African American Literature is a problematic exercise since the talk of African American writing aims to raise issues of difference by implying the presence and the absence of something that is not yet fully defined African American identity. Furthermore, the answer to the question is dependent upon the validation of meaning in relation to the text. Within this perspective, meaning may exist in the identity apparent in the writer, the reader, or the text itself. However, there are problems with this viewpoint.If what is necessary for a text to be considered as African American Literature is the race of its writer, it becomes problematic when we consider a text written by a African American who has not yet identified himself with the struggles of the class and the race. Second, not all the texts produced by African American writers pertain to experiences of racism and slavery. Third, contrary to the constructivists account of the fluidity of identity, such a perspective is based upon the assumed fixity of identity of the writer.

Alcohol Consumption Drosophila Melanogaster

Alcohol consumption in sexually frustrated harvest-festival flies Drosophila melanogaster Ankit Sharma April 8, 2013 BIO 534 Introduction The fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster show addiction-like bearing towards alcohol where the flies seem to be physiologically dependent on (Atkinson et. al. , 2012). The flies can thus exhibit a cognitive dependence where much(prenominal) behavior is stored in memory and same behavior is also shown in the future. This addiction is linked to NPY neuropeptide levels which can be found in Drosophila where these neuropeptides dish up as feeding stimulants (Shen et. al. , 2005).Alcohol consumption rate is higher when these NPY neuropeptide levels are suppressed (Wilcox, 2012). Thus, such factors are linked to the idea that fruit flies consume food for thought that contains alcohol more than regular food, and such behavior increases over time (Devineni and Heberlein, 2009). Sexual frustration is also linked to increase in consumption of alcohol. result flies consumed less alcohol when they were sexually satisfied because sex raised NPF levels and the flies consumed more alcohol when they were sexually frustrated because their NPF levels were suppressed (Azanchi et. l. , 2012). The purpose of the sample is to determine if sexually frustrated antheral fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster resort to alcohol after being rejected by females. Thus, the experiment lead determine if the number of sexually frustrated fruit flies will be higher where there is alcohol in the environment than non-sexually frustrated fruit flies. The guessing to be tested is null hypothesis. The null hypothesis states that sexual frustration has no effect on alcohol consumption by male fruit flies.Thus, there will not be a significantly higher number of rejected male fruit flies in an alcohol environment than non-sexually frustrated flies. Materials and Methods both plastic cylindrical vials were use to place wingless wild type fruit flies. The vials contained same amount of sensitive for food. both vials contained regular medium for food. The fruit flies were anesthesized and 40 males and 40 females were separated. 20 males were placed in a vial with 20 females that were decapitated by a razor blade. 20 separate males were placed in a different vial with 20 females.The experiment was conducted over a period of 4 days. Two more vials were made, both containing 21% alcohol on one half side of the medium which was the closest percentage available compared to 15% ethanol used in other experiments. The males with decapitated females were transferred to one of the vials with alcohol. The males with regular females were transferred to the other vial with alcohol. The number of flies present on alcohol and normal side of the medium was recorded in both vials for 20 minutes in 1 minute increments. Three trials were conducted.The mean numbers of fruit flies present on the two sides of both vials were calculated. The mean was calculated by the summation of the number of fruit flies in each sides of the vials and divided by 120. The null hypothesis was tested by conducting a two-tailed t-test. Results For all the number of fruit flies observed in the two vials (n=120) there was a significant difference in the number of fruit flies in the two vials in the (t=4. 87, df=118, p

An account of the change in power between Kingshaw and Hooper in chapter eight Essay

Throughout the book up till chapter eight we have come crosswise many battles between Hooper and Kingshaw. One of the battles the boys have is one which is who gains the power over the other. So in this chapter I will be analysing every element where all Kingshaw or Hooper wins the power over the other.Hooper is the first to accumulate the power because he makes out that he has a father who dearly loves him and that he would buy anything for him and Kingshaw knows that his sustain doesnt feel the same about him. He also makes himself to be to a greater extent knowledgeable than Kingshaw because he wins the discussion on the prices of watches can be more than fifty pounds but Kingshaw does not believe a watch can cost more than fifty pounds. The next discussion though Kingshaw wins as he demonstrates his understanding on nature to prove that smoke kills midge bites and it is not the fire that makes the midges depart.Kingshaw wins control as he picks up a long wide marijuana cigare tte thinking to blast Hooper but he resists since Hooper said, Youd better take heed and not hit me, after his eyes had widened after Kingshaw had picked up the stick. This shows that Hooper was frightened of Kingshaw and matte vulnerable other wise he wouldnt have said such a comment. Hooper though fights back and wins control of the power as he irritates Kingshaw by saying that, Has your mother gone after a lot of people and following on from that comment he says Thats why you came here. You didnt come think it was anything else, did you? She wants to be married to my father. Hes rich.Kingshaw is furious by the comments Hooper makes and he wishes that he had hit Hooper with the stick he had picked up earlier. Kingshaw can hardly defend the comments and can only come up with a feeble remark of, Liar, liar, liar. Your father isnt anything, she doesnt even standardized you father. She hates him. Hooper continues to frustrate Hooper by making many statements about why his mother wants to be married with his father. Hooper is now firmly in control and Kingshaw feels now abomination for his mother and he blames his fathers death for having to move around peoples houses and not having enough money.Kingshaw regains power after Hooper is having nightmares and he is whimpering in his sleep and talking about his mother. Kingshaw trys to wake Hooper by quietly speaking to Hooper but because Hooper continued to sob, Kingshaw hits Hooper across the face with the palm of his hand, this causes Hooper to awaken though he was oblivious to the concomitant that he had been hit by Kingshaw. This scenario enables Kingshaw to have control, as Hooper is vulnerable because he is whimpering and he stated his head is hurting.Kingshaw continues to build his power as Hooper later pleads with him not to forswear him alone and go away to look for the way out. Hooper is shown as frightened individual. He uses lines such as, Youre not to go away and leave me. To plead with Kingshaw. Later though Kingshaw succumbed all the power he had built up as he says to Hooper, I wouldnt have really hit you, and also look you neednt worry, Hooper, weve both got to stay here till they come for us. These two lines by Kingshaw let Hooper have all the power and Hooper ends the chapter with the power as he began it.

Small Towns Big City

Costumes communicate disclose Different Personalities Pulling up in the parking lot on that point ar microscopic groups of mountain crowded around getting out of their cars and preparing to enter the building, there is laughter and talking passim the parking lot leading up to the building. Every hotshot is dressed in enclothes for the fore of the company there argon mummies, zombies, cartoon characters, fairies, devils, musicians, super Heroes, cowboys and cowgirls, and many more. Everyone wearing a costume seems to present a more extrovert and somewhat false individualality relevant to the character or thing that their costume is portraying.As we walk impendent to the entrance from the parking lot you can hear the music, and the noise of the people inside. The music is loud and draws a crowd towards the entrances. When we arrive at the entrance to the building there is a lady about five feet five inches tall with light brown shoulder length hair wearing a cowgirl out fit, stand up behind a booth, checking Identification to ensure everyone who enters is at least twenty one years of age, and withal collecting the entrance fee from each person. Shes talking with a fake country underscore that helps add character to her costume.Her personality is bubbly and welcoming it sets the tone for what the atmosphere is inside the building. There is some other person at the entrance, a man standing beside her he is tall about six metrical foot five or so, he has short brown hair and is wearing a uniform habilitate instead of a costume. His personality is more calm and natural I feel that this is because he is non in a costume so he doesnt have the same ramp up as the others who are in costume have. He checks everyones bags for weapons, alcoholic beverage, and anything that would non be permitted inside the building.He therefore places a paper bracelet around each person wrist to identify that they have been analyse through security, and are permitte d to enter the building, this also helps the bartenders identify that the person they might be serving alcohol to have been verified as over the age of twenty one. When we walk in the campaign introduction the noise of laughing, talking and the music has gotten untold louder, it is now surface what the atmosphere in the building is, there are people everywhere, talking, drinking, and having a good time, it seems entertainment and relax, entertainment is everywhere.No matter what direction you work on there are so many different smells, save with the huge crowed of people the smashedest of all the smells would by utmost be the body odor. Straight ahead as short as you walk in the door there is a bar where a bar tendered dressed in a devil costume stands taking orders and making drinks, she seems busy and more mute then the rest of the employees, but every one time in awhile she will scowl in a fun way at person in character to her costume.There is a large line of people s urrounding the bar waiting for their turn they are all laughing and some are even in a elfish irritation using props to their costumes as weapons to battle with each other. To the odd is a long table of people, a dance floor, and a DJ station. Looking to the right there is more small grouped tables, restrooms, and a door to an outside area where people are smoking and talking. There is a group of people standing outside dressed as the ghost buster crew, they are all acting out scenes from the movie, they are sure to stay in full character through the entire scene.Their enthusiasm is socialize to say the least, and it draws a crowd of people. Others jumpstart to join their lead, there is a small group of pirates that are also sward fighting and talking in accents that suggest their characters. The outside atmosphere is more playful then inside and is also a little quieter. boilers suit everyone is having a good time and the theme of the party is in honor of the holiday Hallowee n.There is costume contest that everyone was encouraged to enter, it seems to ramp up the ardour throughout the building, everyone begins to gather around the stage. They had everyone who entered the costume contest line up on stage one by one. The costumes were judged by the crowed in a scale of how loud their yelling was. As each person was presented in the line of contestants they acted in a way to present the character of their costumes. There was a woman dressed up as a king of beasts tamer, and another woman with her dressed as a lion.They acted out a scene when it was their turn on stage. The tamer attempted to tame the wild lion while the lion persistently tried to attack the tamer. As the night goes on the atmosphere changes, everyone has patently had a lot more to drink and the levels of intelligence have diminished. As I look to my left by the dance floor I see a fight between two girls, there are shoes flying, and a crowd of people quickly gathering to get in on the action. This is now becoming an atmosphere that I may not want to be in for much longer.Although the festivities are quiet entertaining and adrenaline is pumping with every move from the dance floor it is now clear that the night is almost over. As the bouncers approach the crowed they move through aggressively to break up the fight, and manner out what has happened. I watch intently to see the damages that are done its almost dingy how entertaining this has become. Once the fight has been broken up, those involved in the fight, and the bouncers all leave out of the building, the party then goes on.The DJ makes an announcement that this will be the last song and the party will soon end. As the last song comes to an end the crowd of people being to leave out the front door. Everyone is still playful and maintain their characters as they gather around their vehicles and begin to reverse the entire process. Overall the night was entertaining to say the least the costumes created an a tmosphere that was out of the normal and would most likely not have existed if it wasnt for the costume and the theme of the party. Clear and engaging introduction that clearly states a strong dissertation 14/20 While engaging and full of detail, there is no clear thesis or map. Something like, this was a great party because of the atmosphere, the costumes, and the mood would have worked. * Clearly established supporting details, in the form of observations, that support your thesis 15/20 There are lots of supporting details, but because the framework is missing, it is unclear what those details support. * Transitions and Topic Sentences 15/20Dont forget topic sentences at the start of every major point. They need to provide a transition, a connection to the thesis, and the topic/point of the separate/section. Therefore, when you start discussing atmosphere something like Another reason why the party was so much fun was the atmosphere would have worked. * A conclusion that reinforc es the focus and dominant ideas in the text 18/20 * Engaging Tone and Style5/5 * Grammar, Punctuation, and Spelling 8/10 * MLA Header and denomination 5/5 GRADE 80

The Differences Between Parliamentary & Presidential System

Differences between Parliamentary system and presidential system Judiciary In relating both systems, parliamentary and presidential systems be currently using unlike judiciary system to practice constabulary in society. Before entering judiciary segment, it is essential to understand the definition of judiciary where it peck be noted that- Judiciary is commonly considered the third beginning of government. It stabilizes the political system by understand disputes involving the countrys law (Barrington, 2010, p. 280) It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial de break upment to say what the law is John Marshall cited in (Woll, 1992, p. 51) From this definition above, the judiciary simply implies the body or branch that tend important role in interpretation of the law and firmness matters relating to legal issue. Both Parliamentary and Presidential system does also exhibit Judiciary bodies but portrays different function to one other where it arouse be noted t hat- In unify nation Their jurisdiction over civil cases extended to the united nation as a whole but only for England, Wales and Northern Island in criminal (Barrington, 2010, p. 85) nitty-gritty to say that Law of Lords have jurisdiction in for the whole states in coupled Kingdom, but in England, Wales, and Northern Island the Law of Lord are function in decision do of criminal cases. This different with get together States of America which is The doctrine of separation of ply operates on two levels. On the national level, the effectiveness of the federal government is split among three distinct competitive and mutually involved branches. On another level, power is split between national and state government (Woll, 1992, p. 255)From the quotation above show that separations of power have two levels, for the first level is in the federal government have three branches which are Legislature, Judiciary and Executive that different with each other but it actually involved each other to ensure that the government run smoothly. Another difference between these two countries is the Constitution. In United Kingdom constitutional are unwritten that is different with United States of America that have written Constitution from the stem of United State are founded. Law in United States of America are recorded.In United Kingdom the House of Lords are consisting twelve Lords of Appeal in Ordinary that also called Law of Lords. In United Kingdom are applying the independence of judiciary which is needed to be- United Kingdom- insulated from scrutiny, general business for their role or properly do public criticisms of conduct inside or outside the motor inn room (Lords, 2007, p. 13) Contra with United States of America that- Although the states were no longer equal to the central government, they still retained a fair amount of sovereignty.As long as they did not conflict with the Constitution of Federal laws, state laws were compulsive within each state, that is, within its own domain (Woll, 1992, p. 257) Meaning to say that judiciary in United Kingdom are isolated from the Executive and Parliament in way to protected it from be look into and need to criticise in proper way wherever outside or inside the courts room. In United Kingdom legal system are based on three sources that are look Law, Legislation and Statutory of Laws (Act of Parliament).In the other hand United States of America there are Federalism and the Judiciary. Judiciary in State and National have issue on sovereignty and have been settling by gracious War which is bringing the inequalities to the states then central government. From the statement above croupe show that the judiciary part in United States of America which is both state and federal government have a homogeneous sovereignty in this country as long as the law are not play off with Constitution of Federal law.This is different with United Kingdom that used the Fusion of power which is all branch of government are mixed up each other because in United Kingdom are using the parliamentary system. Administration of law in United Kingdom is different with United States of America, this can shown in- The United Kingdom does not have a single body of law applicable throughout the kingdom. Scotland has it is own distinctive system and courts, and in Northern Ireland certain spheres of law differ in substance from those operating in England and Wales.The main civil courts in England and Wales are Magistrates Courts County Courts for small cases and The High Court, which is divided into The Chancery Division, The Family Division, and The Queens Bench Division (including the maritime and commercial courts), for the more important cases (The United Kingdom juridical System) But in United States of America the courts that operating are- Supreme Courts consisted of six justices, who rode the circuit as judges of the Courts of Appeals.The courts was reduced to five members at one time and expended to ten at another. Since 1869, The Supreme Courts has systematically had nine members. And since 1891, the justices have no had to serve on courts of appeal, although each justice has both(prenominal) responsibilities with at least one appeals court (Woll, 1992, p. 268) The differences are can be shown when comparing the administration on judiciary branch. In United States of America the judiciary branches are administered by congress because- Generally, carnal knowledge determines the jurisdiction of the federal courts.In some cases, however such as in the example of a dispute between two or more U. S. states the Constitution grants the Supreme Court original jurisdiction, an authority that cannot be stripped by Congress (Judicial Branch) This showed us that the jurisdiction branches are dependable on congress to make an issue or solving problem regarding law for United States of America. Conclusion Conclusion that can be made from both of the countries in judic iary system are the system are totally different each other.The differences can be seen on the jurisdiction of judiciary branch, function of judiciary branch in both system that is parliamentary system and presidential system, type of Constitution, and administration of judiciary branch in United Kingdom and United State of America. The judiciary branch in both systems is totally different function in making or interprets law, because there are no similarities in judiciary for both system and countries. The comparison that been made useful to studying the differences roles of judiciary in different system of government and countries.

Concept of Maqasid Al-Syariah Essay

1. In directly meaning Maqasid Al-Syariah can be define as the objectives of Islamic police. However, in linguistic meaning Maqasid is define as follow, a goal or as an inspiration meanwhile Al-Syariah is define as the law that God reveal to Muhammad involving all aspects of life such as family institution, in finance or it can say the way of a Moslems live their life.In together circumstance Maqasid Al-Syariah carriers the meaning based on its constituent part, of the goal and objectives which atomic number 18 priming for legislation of the rule of Islam. As we known all law in Islam has wisdom behind them and not randomly legislated or without purpose. These scathe atomic number 18 back bone to this concept. They ar Illah and Hikmah.Illah in linguistically has two meaning. A sickness and a reason or causes. In definition Illah is a law that exist because of the reason or it rival in abominable ways. As an example is prohibition of drinking alcohol is due to it give bad effects to our health and mental stability. Allah prohibits us to drink Alcohol in order to avoid us losing our insanity and doing something immoral without our awareness.Hikmah in linguistically means wisdom or intend. This mean Islamic law has it intend even though it is not clear why Allah make a rule equal that. There are some rules in Shariah for which the reason for their legislation is not clear or apparent. We do not say that there is no reason, rather which it is hidden from us and Allah with His wisdom chose not to disclose it. As an Example prayer five terms daily. That not to say there are no benefits. Only Allah knows best.2.Sources of Islamic LawSeveral of sources Islamic law use by Islamic jurisprudence to clarify the Shariah. There are two main sources that can be consider as the core of Islamic law which is Al-leger and hadith.However in some circumstances of jurisprudence different methods are used to judge the level of authencity which is comprise of Ijtima and Qias.The QuranMuslims believe the Quran to be the direct manner of speaking of Allah, as revealed to and transmitted by the Prophet Muhammad. All sources of Islamic law must be in subjective agreement with the Quran, the most fundamental source of Islamic knowledge. When the Quran itself does not speak directly or in detail about a certain subject, Muslims only then turn to alternative sources of Islamic law.The SunnahSunnah is the traditions or known practices of the Prophet Muhammad, m any(prenominal) of which have been recorded in the volumes of hadith literature. The resources include many things that he said, did, or agreed to and he lived his life according to the Quran, putting the Quran into practice in his own life. During his life term, the Prophets family and companions observed him and shared with others exactly what they had seen in his words and behaviors i.e. how he performed ablutions, how he prayed, and how he performed many other acts of worship. People also a sked the Prophet directly for rulings on various matters, and he would pronounce his judgment. All of these details were passed on and recorded, to be referred to in future well-grounded rulings. Many issues concerning personal conduct, lodge and family relations, political matters, etc. were addressed during the time of the Prophet, decided by him, and recorded. The Sunnah can thus clarify details of what is stated generally in the Quran.Ijma (consensus)In situations when Muslims have not been able to find a specific legal ruling in the Quran or Sunnah, the consensus of the community is sought (or at least the consensus of the legal scholars within the community). The Prophet Muhammad once said that his community (i.e. the Muslim community) would never agree on an error.Qiyas (analogy)In cases when something needs a legal ruling, but has not been distinctly addressed in the other sources, judges may use analogy, reasoning, and legal precedent to decide tonicly case law. This i s often the case when a general principle can be applied to new situations. (See the article Smoking in Islam for an example of this process at work.)3.Type and categories of riba and ghararThe Islamic economic system as part of spiritual activities obtains its general rules from Al Quran and Sunnah. Therefore, its values consist of what is allowed and leaves out what is forbidden. Some values that are forbidden in Quran and Sunnah are Riba (Usury) and Gharar (Uncertainty). These values are the biggest differences between Islamic economics and capitalist economy and Socialism economic systems. The following is the explanation of Riba and Gharar A. Riba (Usury)Riba is literally translated from the Arab language and means an increase, growth, augmentation or accretion, (Khir, Gupta, & Shanmugam, 2008, p.28), and addition and expansion, (Al-Harran, 1993, p.16) although not all of increasing is forbidden in Islam. And as syariah term, it means the premium that is paid by the borrower to the bringer together with the principal of loan due to some condition and because of its addition time to maturity (Chapra, 1992). match to this definition, many scholars agree that the riba refers to interest used commonly in economic conventional system. Types of RibaScholars have shared riba into two types 1. Riba Duyun.This type of riba occurs in a loan or debt. Any kind of addition or increase above the amount of principal whether the addition or increase are inflicted by the lenders or willingness of the borrowers. Riba Duyun is divided in two typesa.RibaQardhThis is all increments above the amount of the principal of the loan whose amount is compel proportionately at the beginning of the lending agreement. The addition above the amount of the principal and is due in a certain amount of time based on the loan.b.Riba JahiliyyahThis occurs when the increment of the principal increases as the time of loan increases. At first, there is no such fix increment, but when the bor rowers want to postpone the loan or to extend the time to maturity the lenders will compel the increase of the loan. However, this addition is due to the time of maturity and can also happen along with the riba qardh above. According to this explanation riba qard and riba jahiliyyah refer to interest because they are associated with the addition or increase and the extension of time to maturity. For example Loans from the banks, credit card etc.1. Riba BuyunRiba buyun occurs in trading transactions. This kind of riba occurs in trading of two of the corresponding product but in unequalized amounts or the same product in equal amounts but there is a postponement in delivery.Types of Riba Buyun area. Riba FadhlRiba fadhl is products that are interchange in different amounts, number, measurement or weight without the postponement in delivery of the product or the payment. According to Khir, Gupta, & Shanmugam (2008) it is also called Riba of Excess (p.31). Riba fadhl can happen in th e obtain and sale of different products, but the quantity or the amount of products that is exchanged are different. The difference in the quantity or the amount is unjust and dishonest which is prohibited in Islam. Riba fadhl can be avoided if the goods exchanged are equal in amount, number, quantity, and measurement.b. Riba Nasiah (Riba Yad)According to Khir, Gupta, & Shanmugam (2008), this is a kind of riba happens in trading in same weight, measurement and number of products, but the delivery of products, or the payment of specie are delayed. However, Chapra (1992) stated that Nasiah stupefy from nasaa means to postpone, defer, or wait (p.35), and refers to the time the borrower returns the loan with the addition. And he argues that this is interest in a conventional system. Although there are some explanations and definitions about types of riba, basically the meaning is same because in cogitate knowledge, scholars is usually referred to as Ijma Ulama (the teaching from Sch olars who have well known about their knowledge in Islamic Jurisprudence).Motivation in prohibition of Riba Islam is very concerned with human prosperity. Therefore, it would not forbid something without any explanation for the prohibition. Although riba does not just refer to interest, but the term of riba is used to explain interest. The following is the reason why riba is prohibited in Islam1. An interest based system damages equity. Interest will ramp the borrowers to pay additional money above the principal while the borrowers do not have a positive(p) bring in from their loan used in business. Therefore, the interest rate will increase the money of rich people.2. Interest based systems dissuade people to open a new business. Interest pass judgment will cause people to hesitate in finding something new or in possible action a new venture because the new business does not yet have a positive return. On the other hand, the owner must pay definite payments to the lenders.3. I nterest based systems set profit to one side and ignores the other side. Much like banks, they are just concerned about their returns and fag outt care about loss or profit of the borrowers.4. Interest based systems depress enthronization activity. Interest will increase investment costs.5. Interest based systems add securities to the lenders rather than participate in development. For example For safety lending reasons, banks tend to provide loans to the most profitable business or connection that have been in existence for a long time and are less concerned with teeny-weeny enterprises that are new in the market.

Out and Disabled Essay

Comp are and Contrast the ways in how bulge, come out and Dis equal to(p)d present the intellection of a forgotten dupe The metrical composition egress, Out by Robert Frost has a strong resemblance with the poem incapacitate by Wilfred Owen as both poems demonstrate the fragility of life and how bingle persons death stick out be easily forgotten. Out, Out the title speaks of everything, used in Shakespeares trick Macbeth It implies how life is ultimately described like a candle, when the flame goes off there is eternal darkness.In Disabled it essentially shows the same meaning where the womens interest passed to strong men that were whole because the erstwhile glorious objet dart in Disabled became nothing at all. The use of personification in Out, Out where the thrum apothegm baffling and rattled evokes a instinct of foreboding. The buzz saw is seen as competitive where cutting the male childs hand was seen as a target and was meant to proceed after all. The saw is seen as aggressive where cutting the boys hand was seen as a target and was meant to happen after all.The boy is simply nothing but dinner to the predator as he was its supper was mentioned castigate at the same moment when his hand was cut off. This is an effective method of making the boy search worthless. The buzz saw has its own mind and is always one step ahead to make it await dominant. Betrayal is a key point of the deuce poems as both victims had been betrayed by their own people. The boy was seen as only another death so no one cared about what happened since they were not the ones utterly so they just move on with their life without any mourning.In Disabled the man was too seen as someone who is nothing as he is no longer whole. Where he was once a celebrated man, his life had completely changed due to his inexperience and naive view on war. He shares a similar fate as to the boy in Out, Out His serves were noble but they wear drinkt matter at all since he had gained nothing out of it, he wasnt able to win his Meg and he only brought back scars from the war. He was left alone like slobber since the women moved past to the other strong men.No matter what he did for his nation, he was a forgotten victim like the boy in Out, Out. It explains that the lives of these two people are unnoticeable and its best just to move on. On the other hand, both poems are both organize differently. Out, Out is a flowing story which has no stanzas. This structure allows the poem to be more gas and keeps the pace of the story moving. It is seen through a third person perspective whereas Disabled the structure of the poem has stanzas and shows the perception of the past and the present.Robert Frosting juxtaposes the structure of the poem which aims to give a strong sense of bloodline from one another so by using the past and the present, it is a very important section in the poem because one of the interesting part of Disabled is the main character as we can easily see how rueful he is due to his nostalgic days of when he was young. At stanza 1, it is aphonic to convince that the ruined man is the same person in stanza 3.He was known as one of the admired people as he was silly for his face. As he looked like a idol in kilts it is very contrasting to his future where he is in his ghastly suit. However, even though they impart a contrasting structure they welcome something similar in terms of events that are not mentioned. some(prenominal) poems predict something dreadful is about to happen to the characters as the personification used in Out, Out snarled and rattled hints that that the buzz saw is planning to strike.The structure has an unusual change where it is first introduced to something unpleasant which is the buzz saw but then the tone quickly changes to a tranquil state. Then it quickly shows the quite a little ranges one behind the other and under the sunset, far into Vermont it foreshadows the boys death as the tru elove could symbolize heaven. The tone quickly changes from concentrated to something serene. One other thing which is fascinating is that the poem has an two-bagger of society where society is ferally creating the feeling of a forgotten victim just like the women in Disabled.The fact that both poems have the characters offering their body part creates an impression that they are worthless. It gives an idea that the body parts are no longer their own body. In Disabled he threw away his knees which is an unsympathetic manner to mention about his own legs Out, out is very comparable as he has given the hand. The fact that it wasnt mentioned as his hand proves that it was no longer his own.In the poems both protagonists are robbed of their youth because they are both thrust into a dangerous adult humans. They are chosen to be killed and left alone even though they are young which gives a poignant feeling and the sense of being forgotten. They interestingly have the same characterist ics because in Out, out the boy is doing a mans work which implies a sense of experience and doing work that is years ahead of his age. Equal with Disabled where he finds himself in the present in a suit of grey.Similarly both protagonist in the poems pose the sense of being used by people because once they cant achieve anything, they are no use to their leaders and society so they are left alone, isolated and gone from the world feeling betrayed as the boy was just basically used and the disabled man was rejected whitethorn assume that he threw away his life as well as he poured the colours down into shell holes. In comparison, the boy in Out, Out gives a stronger feeling of sorrow or sadness for the boy as he is doing something he shouldnt. In Disabled the idea of a forgotten victim is not shown as him resulting in death.It is the opposite of the boy as he is longing for his death. A coercive word Wilfred Owen used was that sleep had mothered which is a personification that sho ws his love of sleep where he is nurtured and safe, it even implies that the man is depressed. It assumes that the disabled man wants to escape from reality and go to his own reality in his sleep. Overall, the fragility and delicateness of life and youth mainly presents the idea of the forgotten victim. A forgotten victim is usually immobilized and helpless when they have lost everything.Out, Out and Disabled poignantly present forgotten victims. Even when doing a noble action like joining the army, a man can still be rejected among people. Out, out and Disabled were both written during difficult times and acquaints the reader to the atmosphere of the early 19s. Disabled and Out, Out was written during the World War 1 where it was difficult and dark times yet in Out, Out we get a taste of how cold society was back then. Society can be cruel and filled with individualism where everyone is their own man so it plays a key point of making the two victims forgotten.